Forum 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gathering 4 - Assignment Example Vehicles in India and China have powerful plan that suits the consumers’ requests. Vehicles are intended to give effectiveness, high caliber and alluring style. Indian buyers request vehicles that have most extreme traveler space for use as family vehicles. Other structure contemplations via vehicle purchasers in India incorporate wellbeing, solace and utility. Architects of vehicles in Indian and Chinese vehicles comprehend the consumers’ remarkable requests while offering reasonable costs. Architects join various measurements, for example, usefulness, reasonableness and purchaser request qualities. Structure for unwavering quality infers that merchandise perform best under their predetermined conditions for the period expressed by the maker or maker. Architects ought to identify conceivable outcomes of potential disappointment event for a predefined plan. It illuminates item rearrangements. On account of IBM, the utilization of acoustic froth in PC boards delivered concoction based glues. Concoction based cements ruined reusing and expanded ozone depleting substance discharge. That was a case of inappropriate item plan. IBM dispensed with the concoction based cement to upgrade reusing and decrease of ozone depleting substance emanation. IBM’s choice to dispense with the compound based cement improved its products’

Primary Health Care in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Essential Health Care in India - Essay Example The general medicinal services foundation however is huge it isn't adequate when contrasted with per capita number of doctors and beds for the populace. Indeed, even the pace of outpatient visits to the administration emergency clinics is poor because of absence of adequate consideration. As the decentralization of state authority differs generally between states, the huge urban communities just have critical money related power. The absence of power of nearby bodies on general medicinal services frameworks just as government emergency clinics brought about disappointment of counteraction of number of infections and the individuals are oblivious even about winning ailments. As per World Bank reports in 1995, 1996, 1997b, 2000c, the significant levels of destitution additionally exacerbated the unforeseen weakness conditions as poor administration brought about feeble general medicinal services foundation. Subsequently, general human services wastefulness just as destitution and obliv iousness added to issues in India (Peters, David H. (Creator), 2002). 1 The significant segment of populace in India that bears the weight of sickness is poor and minimized pay individuals just as the rustic individuals, as they can't endure the expense of medicinal services in private part. Subsequently, they are compelled to go to general human services frameworks that are not productive in restoring them and in this manner bore the weight of the ailment. Concurring Agnihotram V. et al (2004), the illness weight of rustic Indian ladies, enduring with asthma and bronchitis that may prompt rashness and coronary episodes. Notwithstanding that the absence of wellbeing foundation in Indian provincial zones is bringing about maternal passings amassed in the age gathering of 20-24 years. It has been seen that the draining is fundamental driver for maternal passings and they happen more in country territories and on account of destitute individuals. The infections that apply noteworthy weight on rustic and needy individuals are tuberculosis, intestinal sicknes s and consumes are significant reasons for death in regenerative ages. In any case, the pace of self destruction and consume just as frailty lessens with age and subsequently it tends to be closed all the more precisely that the weight of illness is more if there should arise an occurrence of youthful poor country individuals for the most part ladies in the previously mentioned settings. The across the nation wellbeing plans in India are not adequate to forestall the passings and weight of the malady to most extreme degree (V Agnihotram, 2004). 2 Epidemiological Causes for Diseases Among Rural Poor and Women Notwithstanding that the country's general social insurance isn't adequate to keep away from the epidemiological reasons for ailments in India. The ailment causing weight can be credited to most noteworthy exposures of family jobs that influence the youngsters and ladies also. As the general social insurance framework isn't sufficient prepared to keep away from the previously mentioned presentation, the demographical conditions likewise assume a job in expanding the weight of TB, asthma and visual impairment along these lines diminishing the

Never Trust and Always Verify How to Avoid Getting Scammed Over Email

Never Trust and Always Verify How to Avoid Getting Scammed Over Email Never Trust and Always Verify: How to Avoid Getting Scammed Over Email Never Trust and Always Verify: How to Avoid Getting Scammed Over EmailA scammer can make their emails look like theyre from your boss, a trusted retailer, or your best friend. Heres how to stop them from stealing your identity.Here’s a question: If you were suddenly locked out of your email accounts, how badly would that affect your ability to a) do your job, or b) live your everyday life? If you’re like most people, the answer is probably “really badly, so very badly indeed.”Email accounts have become such a central hub of daily life and work that, of course, it’s one of the places that scammers target first. Whether it’s by sending you a phishing email or by guessing the answer to your (super easy to figure out) security question, there are numerous ways that scam artists can hack into your account and steal your identity.Luckily, there are also steps you can take and pieces of advice you can heed in order to keep yourself safe from their nasty works. Here’s a quick a nd dirty guide to how you can identify, derail, and generally avoid emails scams. Watch out for these 3 common email scams.In order to keep yourself safe from email scams, you need to learn how to identify them. As wily as these scammers can be, most of their schemes tend to follow the same handful of plots. Here are three common types of email scams, courtesy of Justin Lavelle, a scams prevention expert and Chief Communications Officer at BeenVerified.com (@BeenVerified).“Many hackers will use big names like PayPal and eBay in the sent from section of emails, so it is important to ignore unknown emails. If you open the email and aren’t sure of its validity, just click on the name in the “sent from” box to view the actual email address. Most times you’ll realize right away that it’s not actually a business email address from PayPal, eBay, or another well-known institution. If you don’t recognize the sender, your best bet is to not open the email period and never click on a link, attachment, or file within an email you’re unsure about. This is how hackers insert Malware on your computer and are able to access your personal information.”“CEO Phishing Scam. This scam works as followsâ€"a brief, casual email arrives from a top executive or even the CEO of the company from the correct email address, with nothing appearing out of sync. The request is for the recipient to wire money to a certain account or share some other sensitive company information, such as employee payroll data. The scam often works because it plays off of certain corporate cultures; fellow executives may be used to such informal and terse communications between one another, while a request from a CEO made to a more junior employee may not garner any questions out of a sense of obedience.”“Business Email Compromise Scam. Similar to CEO Phishing scams, the Business Email Compromise Scam targets businesses working with foreign vendors or businesses that regularly perform wi re-transfer payments. The fraudster emails a phishing document to an intended victim via the address of a legitimate supplier and asks him to change the wire transfer payments of paying invoices. Once the link in the email is clicked on, it downloads malware on the computer and allows the fraudster to gain unrestricted access to personal information, including financial account data and passwords.”Trust no one. Seriously.Steve Weisman is a lawyer, author, and identity theft expert. His Scamicide (@Scamicide) blog tracks all the latest developments in scams and provides resources to help users keep themselves safe. And when it comes to protecting yourself from an email scam, Weisman has a very catchy motto.“My mantra for avoiding email scams is trust me, you cant trust anyone, says Weisman.  â€œA wide range of malware from ransomware to keystroke logging malware, which is used to steal personal information from your computer, is most often unwittingly downloaded by victims who c lick on links or download attachments in emails that appear to come from people, institutions,  and companies that they trust.“Often the emails containing the malware have been specifically crafted to appeal to us personally through social engineering, by which the scammer has gathered information about us to make the email more appealing and more trustworthy.”“Often we are our own worst enemies by posting too much information about ourselves on social media, “ he continues, “thereby arming the scammer with personal information, such as our favorite band or television program that can be used to lure us to click on a link or download an attachment. In some instances, we may be responding to an email that actually is coming from one of our friends whose account has been hacked so we tend to trust it.“Trust me, you cant trust anyone.”How to recognize a scam email.Brandon Schroth is the Digital Manager for Gillware Data Recovery (@gwdatarecovery). He cautions that its not just individuals who need to watch out for email scams: “Organizations need to be prepared for malicious breaches and cyber attacks, many of which are delivered by way of email.”According to Schroth, “fraudulent emails come in all shapes and sizes.” But he also has tips to help you easily identify them:“If you receive an email where the ‘To’ field is left blank, it’s a clear signal that it didn’t come from the perceived sender.”“When an email from a company has spelling errors or bad grammar, it should be another warning sign. Large companies have copywriters and editors who make sure email communications are grammatically correct.”“Also, if the email begins with Hello but doesn’t actually state your name, that’s another red flag.”“When checking your email, stay suspicious and on alert. Often times a fraudulent email will try to scare you by saying something was stolen or that you’ve won a prize. Rather than clicking on links from your email, jus t go directly to the actual website and sign in how you normally would.”Even if all those methods fail, there is one thing you can do to above else. According to Weisman, “You can start protecting yourself by never clicking on a link or downloading an attachment unless you have absolutely confirmed that it is legitimate.”Install a security program.Both Weisman and Schroth agree that you (and your employer) should use some kind  of security program on your devices.“You should also have some form of internet security installed,” says Schroth. “Norton AntiVirus or McAfee SiteAdvisor are two helpful tools that can prevent disaster in the event you do open a malicious email.”Weisman goes on to provide an additional warning: Even the most recently updated security software is still probably lagging behind the best scammers.“You also should have security software on all of your electronic devices including your phone and keep that security software up to date with the lates t security patches,” says Weisman, “recognizing that regardless of how up to date your security software is, it will always be at least 30 days behind the latest scams using and exploiting previously undiscovered zero-day defects.Don’t re-use the same password.We know. We know. It’s difficult enough remembering one password, let alone one dozen. Still, using the same password over and over again means that a scammer only has to get their hands on one of them in order to access all your personal and financial accounts. It may be a hassle, but it’s a hassle worth dealing with.Use a unique password for every account,” says Weisman, adding that it’s “not as difficult as it may appear.”“You can start with a base password, such as IDontLikePasswords which combines capital letters, small letters and a symbol.  You can then strengthen it even further by adding a couple of symbols so it reads IDontLikePasswords!!!.“Now you can adapt that base password with a few letter s for each of your accounts.  For instance, your Gmail account password can be IDontLikePasswords!!!GM.”Beware easy to answer security questions.In the digital age, using a security question like “what street did you grow up on” or “where did you go to middle school” could set you on the fast track to getting hacked. With more information about ourselves available than ever before in human history, you’ll have to take some extra precautions.According to Weisman, “You also should be aware that if someone is able to answer your security question, they can take over your email account as happened to Sarah Palin when someone answered her security question as to where she met her husband by getting the answer through Wikipedia (It was at Wasilla High School).“While most of us arent as famous as Sarah Palin, much of our personal information can be found with a diligent online search and we also may have, again, posted too much personal information online such as our pets name.”Here’s Weisman’s delightfully simple solution:“The easy way to avoid this problem is to give a nonsensical answer for the security question.  For instance, you can make the answer to the security question asking your mothers maiden name, Grapefruit.  It is so nonsensical, no identity thief will be able to ascertain it and it is so silly that you will remember it.”Scammers will do everything in their power to get one over on you. The more precautions you take like the ones listed above, the less likely they are to gain the upper-hand. When it comes to emails, you have to trust no one and do everything you can to verify their identity. Together with some strong security software, these practices are the best way to keep yourself safe.To learn more about protecting yourself from scammers and con artists, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Avoid Getting Insta-Scammed on InstagramDating App Dangers: 7 Tips to Avoid Getting Scammed by a Fake RomanceWatch Out for Change-of-Address Identity Theft Scams!Multi-Level Marketing Scams: How a MLM “Job” Could End Up Costing You ThousandsHave you ever fallen victim to an email scam? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedINContributorsJustin Lavelle  is a Scams Prevention Expert and the Chief Communications Officer of  BeenVerified.com (@BeenVerified). BeenVerified is a leading source of online background checks and contact information. It helps people discover, understand and use public data in their everyday lives and can provide peace of mind by offering a fast, easy and affordable way to do background checks on potential dates. BeenVerified allows individuals to find more information about people, phone numbers, email addresses and property records.  Brandon Schroth is the Digital Manager for  Gillware Data Recovery (@gwdatarecovery), a world-class  data recovery company and digit al forensics lab specializing in recovering lost data from failed storage devices such as hard drives, solid-state drives, USB flash drives, SD cards, mobile devices, servers and more.Steve Weisman  is a lawyer, college professor at Bentley University and author.  He is one of the country’s leading experts in identity theft.  His most recent book is “Identity Theft Alert.”  He also writes the blog  Scamicide.com  (@Scamicide)  where he provides daily updated information about the latest scams and identity theft schemes.

Flood Safety - 10 Flood Facts You Should Know

Child Marriage Should Be Legal - 989 Words

For many of these girls in India, being married before the age of eighteen has become and reality for these girls. Marriage should be an happy, joyful, and an enjoyable celebration of love for two people who are in love, but for most girls in India and other country this has become and nightmare that they can t wake up from. For these young girls they are forced into getting married before they even hit puberty. A child should be able to finish school and become and independent person, but in India that is not the lives that of some of these young girls live. When a child learns how to be independent that helps them go further in life instead of depend on a man and anyone they encounter in their life. Child marriage have cause segregation from family and friends, limiting the child s interactions with the community and peers, and lack of opportunities for education. Child Marriage have been declining in India, but it is still an huge problem that many of these young girls are fac ing, and according to UNICEF,â€Å"child marriage is a violation of child rights, and has a negative impact on physical growth, health, mental and emotional development, and education opportunities...It also affects society as a whole since child marriage reinforces a cycle of poverty and perpetuates gender discrimination, illiteracy and malnutrition as well as high infant and maternal mortality rates.† there is some much complication that child marriage have on these young girls live and theirShow MoreRelatedChild Marriage Should Be Legal952 Words   |  4 PagesChildren should be able to experience their childhood and be able to enjoy those worriless year not worry about anything. Living life is not all about growing up, it about living and enjoys it to help making yourself happy about what have accomplished and experience. A child should not have to choose between their childhood and their parent or a religion. Both girls and boys are affected by child marriage, but girls are affected in much larger numbers and with greater intensity. Child marriage is seenRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1288 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is not precisely the same as it used to be interpreted. For example, women used to be their husband’s property. Sometimes the women were forced to marry whoever their parents wanted them to marry and most of the time they couldn’t leave the marriage. Nowadays women have more freedom. They can vote, they can run their own business, and they can marry whichever man they want to. The laws change as the people’s mind change. As they get more comfortable with the idea, they become more openRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Made Legal? Australia?1035 Words   |  5 PagesShould same-sex marriage be made legal in Australia? Should same-sex marriage be made legal in Australia? This is something you and I have heard in recent years come up time and again in the media and private conversations. But why is this an issue? We need to understand why this is even an issue. Let’s talk about what is a marriage. Society’s perspective of marriage is that it is a permanent, social, legal contract between two people who have mutual rights between the two people that are agreedRead MoreThe Is Rooted Behind The Beginning Legal Conclusion Of Marriage1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe term stepparent is rooted behind the beginning legal conclusion of marriage. Since this term has been coined there have been many stipulations of the legal rights and financial responsibilities that the stepparents should posses. Due to the increase divorce in the U.S., the amount of remarriages is increasing. The conversation of stepparent’s rights is very common. The national Step Family Resource Center notes that if the tendency of increasing number of people becoming step parents continuesRead MoreShould Marriage for Same Sex Couples be Legal in United States?1220 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage as generally define is the union between one man and one woman. However a recent debate over same-sex marriage has stirred a nationwide debate reverberating in the halls of Congress, at the White House, in dozens of state courtrooms and legislatures, and is also becoming a speech-making topic for election campaigns at both the national and state levels. As the debate for this controversial topic rages on, the American religious community view on the topic remains deeply divided over theRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words   |  3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some sayRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Allowed?1620 Words   |  7 Pages The Right To Marriage Same sex marriage is a topic today that brings strong moral objections from both sides. Should same sex marriage be allowed? Should these people be given the same rights in their relationship as heterosexual couples? Why restrict these citizens from their rights just because of their love for another? Should we deny foreign customs to foreigners just because they aren’t customs we perform? The United States is a land of the free, not the restricted. We are not robots setRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Banned874 Words   |  4 Pagesrights or same sex marriage should be banned or that it’s wrong under their religions. With that there are many factors that contradict against gay rights, such as religion, child adoption, and divorce just to name a few. Roger Severino, a graduate from Harvard Law School, and has a master in public policy claims the negative collusions that are against gay rights (924). Severino tells us that gay marriage conflicts with religious beliefs be cause it ruins the traditional marriage between a man andRead MoreShould Same-Sex Couples Be Allowed to Adopt? Essays838 Words   |  4 Pages Well, same-sex adoption is not legal in most places which makes this dream for some impossible. This caused controversy between same-sex couples and the general public who believes that same-sex adoption should remain illegal. Ultimately, same-sex adoption should be legal. The same-sex controversy is one of the many results from the slow process of gay marriage becoming legalized in various states across the United States of America. The fight for gay marriage is predated way back to the StonewallRead MoreSame Sex Marriage And Parenting999 Words   |  4 PagesSame-Sex Marriage and Parenting Same-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are comparatively new controversial topics in today’s world and its â€Å"mainstream† morality. I was not exposed to any homosexual â€Å"lifestyle† while growing up. While I know that I am firmly traditional in my theological views, nevertheless, I firmly believe that traditional marriage and traditional parenting are devotional commitments between a man and a woman. Therefore, same-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are to me, issues

Jean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Psychology - 1187 Words

Jean Piaget was at the forefront of the Cognitive Psychology movement and one of the most influential developmental psychologists of the 20th century. His work on schemas, adaptation, and his development theory are still being used today in most professional settings as a way to understand the development of the child. His work on schemas led to a new understanding of mental illness, paving the way for Cognitive-Behavioral therapies and other therapeutic methods that are based off faulty thinking. Before the Cognitive movement mental health issues or illnesses were thought to be the result of childhood tragedies, repression, or from the environment conditioning those maladaptive behaviors. Now we know because of the work from Piaget that faulty schemas can be built and ultimately broken down in a person to help them lead a more positive life. His theory is heavily influenced by a foundation of three ideas. One, that intelligence is its own biological system, it (intelligence) c onstructs its own structures to be able to function. Two, knowledge is an interaction between the person and their environment. Lastly, that intelligence is brought about by four factors; physical and social environments, maturation, and equilibrium. There are three main parts to Piaget’s theory: schemas, the four processes of transition, and the four stages of cognitive development. At the base of Piaget’s Cognitive Theory is what he called schemas. Piaget (1952) defined a schema as, â€Å"aShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MorePiaget s Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology1039 Words   |  5 PagesDecember, 2015 Piaget Today â€Å"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be, but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be.† ― Toni Sorenson Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow. Instead of continuing the Freud s work with psychoanalysis, as many psychologists and philosophers did at the time, Piaget stayed â€Å"closer to his teacher Pierre Janet s psychology† (Vidal) BestRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a theory? A theory is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. These are essential for developing predictions about behaviors and predictions result in research that helps to support or clarify the theory. The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational thoughtRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky : Early Childhood Development1683 Words   |  7 Pages Amanda Rezzonico Piaget vs Vygotsky Early Childhood Development Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are known in the educational world. Vygotsky and Piaget were developmental psychologists who had many of the same views and beliefs, but at the same time had opposing views. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The childRead MoreJean Piaget s Cognitive Theory Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pages Jean Piaget is a well-renowned twentieth century scholar responsible for the development of the Cognitive Theory, focusing on how people think over time, which, in turn, reflects in how how attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are shaped. Jean Piaget observed and divided the Cognitive Theory into four periods of cognitive development, which occur in the following order: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Of the four stages, each has it’s own characteristicsRead MorePiaget s Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology1180 Words   |  5 Pages Piaget Today Rebecca Biddle English 101 Mrs. Rufino 17 December 2015 Rebecca Biddle Mrs. Rufino English 101 9 December, 2015 Piaget Today â€Å"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be, but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be.† ― Toni Sorenson Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow. Instead of continuing the Freud s work with psychoanalysis, as manyRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Knowing921 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget was a developmental psychologist and philosopher from Switzerland. He is known for his epistemological studies with children. He was the first to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Piaget was also the Director of the International Bureau of Education. He was â€Å"the great pioneer of the constructivist theory of knowing.† He was known as the second best psychologist after Skinner by the end of the 20th century. Throughout his career, Jean Piaget declared that â€Å"only educationRead MoreInfluential Theorist And Child Development : Who Are Capable Of Inventing New Things? Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Slinger HPC 3OR September 17th, 2016 Influential Theorists In Child Development: Intellect, Jean Piaget (1896-1980) The goal of education is not to increase the amount of knowledge, but to create the possibilities for a child to invent and discover, to create men who are capable of inventing new things. Jean Piaget is an influential theorist in child intellect development. Piaget insights society on the importance of not learning, but thinking, his thoughts/studies give a furtherRead MoreJean Piaget: Biography and Theory of Cognitive Development1601 Words   |  6 PagesPiagets Theory of Cognitive Development: Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development is a description of the four distinct stages of development of cognition in children. The theory was developed at a time when Piaget was employed at the Binet Institute in the 1920s in which his main responsibilities were to develop the French versions of questions on the English intelligence tests. During this period, Piaget became increasingly concerned or interested with the reasons children gave for theirRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1553 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget is considered to be very influential in the field of developmental psychology. Piaget had many influences in his life which ultimately led him to create the Theory of Cognitive Development. His theory has multiple stages and components. The research done in the early 1900’s is still used today in many schools and homes. People from various cultures use his theory when it comes to child development. Although there are criticisms and alternatives to his theory, it is still largely

Marketing Plan Management

Question: Explain EnBuFriend? Answer: About the car The petrol prices are increasing and at the same time, the consumers are becoming environmentally friendly so that they can do their good to the environment. The cars on the road are one of the reasons due to which environment is getting affected the most. It is difficult for the users to be dependent on public transport and that is one of the reasons due to which they own a car even when they think that its expensive. Electric car is one of the ideas that many car companies is trying to implement but it is not successfully accepted by the target audience. A car named EnBuFriend (Environment and Budget Friendly) so that the customers are motivated to buy this car rather than that of any other car. This car will be marketed so that the target market is aware of the availability of the car. Initially, it may seem to be complicated to reach the target market but this can be achieved with extensive marketing. A marketing plan will be in place so that the target market is motivated to be environmentally friendly and also save the huge money that they are investing in the car and also the petrol (Aggeri 2009). Smart objectives Setting smart objectives is the only way by which the management can achieve the targets that has been set. If the management is able to set SMART objectives then they can be rest assured that they will be measure the achievements against the goal that has been set. The SMART objectives that have been set by the management of EnBuFriend are as follows: - In the first year, the management is willing to sell at least 500 cars. At least 90% of the target market should be aware of the availability of EnBuFriend cars. The company will come up at least 25 advertisement campaigns so that the target market is aware of the availability of the car (Beaume 2009). Core competencies of EnBuFriend cars Core competencies are the key strengths of the organization. EnBuFriend will ensure that they invest on their core competencies so that they can survive and be competitive in the organization. Few of the core competencies on which EnBuFriend would like to concentrate on are as follows: - The organization wants to concentrate on being clean. Being clean would mean that the organization will always try its level best to environmentally friendly. Innovation would be the key strength of the organization. The organization will innovate continuously so that they can be better than what they are today. The organization will innovate on the basis of market trends and customer needs. The organization wants to be sure that they are environmentally friendly and hence, they will not deviate from their objective of being environmentally friendly. Comfort of the driver will be given due importance and hence, the car will be designed keeping the drivers requirement in mind. In most of the electrical cars, the drivers comfort is ignored but that will not the case with EnBuFriend. EnBuFriend will introduce one car in the market but slowly and steadily, they will increase the models so that the customer can buy something that they like rather than that of buying something that is available (Belderbos 2010). Segmentation for EnBuFriend cars The regular car segment cannot buy EnBuFriend cars. It is the responsibility of the marketing team to need of the customer and undertake segmentation of the market. If the management tries to understand the regular segment then there are very high chances that the customers will not be willing to buy environmentally friendly cars. Few of the segments that would be targeted by EnBuFriend cars are discussed below. Demographics like age, sex and location will not be used for the purpose of segmentation. If the market is segmented based on the age, sex and location then there are very high chances that the organization will miss out on people who will be actually willing to buy the car. People for EnBuFriend car will be segmented based on the attitude that they hold towards the environment. People who are willing to do their part of good to the environment will be willing to use the car. The management will ensure that the benefits of the environment are well spoken about during the advertisement campaigns so that the customers are motivated to make investments in electric car (Chesbrough 2006). Males and females who are between the age group of 20 to 70 will be targeted. Below the age of 20, people may not be matured enough to drive cars or make decisions on the kind of car that they would like to drive. Apart from that, after the age of 18, people develop an understanding about the harm that they are creating to the environment and hence, they look for ways by which they can correct it. EnBuFriend is one of the ways by which they can save the environment. Similarly, working professionals try car pooling and other activities so that they can reduce the impact on the environment so they can try this car so that they can be dependent on their private car. People after the age of 50 will be well aware of the change in the environment and hence, they will continuously look for ways to reduce the impact so that they can save something for the next generation. Lastly, only the developed nations will be targeted. There are very high chances that the developing and under-developed nations may not be financially strong to purchase electric cars. Slowly and steadily, EnBuFriend will try to capture these markets even a cheaper car so that the customers are willing to make investment. Apart from that, the awareness of being environmentally friendly is very low when it comes to developing and under-developed nation. The advertisement campaign will be developed for developed nation so that the campaigns can be in sync with the attitudes and requirements of the people (Chiaroni 2010). Electrical cars may not be used by everyone and hence, this will be targeted towards people who are tech savvy. EnBuFriend will have plenty of features and that will not be understood and accepted by all the customers. The advertisement campaign will be for tech friendly people only because of the wide range of features that it offers. People who are concerned about the money that they are spending on the petrol will also be targeted. Running on electricity is one of the features that differentiates this car than that of the other cars and hence, people who are concerned about petrol will also be considered while the advertisement strategy is planned (Ebersberger 2010). Target market for EnBuFriend Plenty of market segments have been identified but it is merely impossible for EnBuFriend car to serve all the market segments. Few of the market segments that can be identified and targeted by EnBuFriend are discussed below. Executives between the age group of 25 to 45 can be targeted by EnBudfriend. People between the age group of 25 to 45 are in executive position and hence, they will look for ways by which they can save their money. EnBuFriend will help the customer to petrol and this can be huge saving. Apart from that, people in this age group dont prefer to buy car because of the petrol cost associated with it. With the help of EnBuFriend, people with low income can also save money and buy a car. The car will be initially introduced in developed countries only. The people in developed countries have better understanding of eco-friendly cars and hence, they will opt for these cars. Apart from that, the developed nations governments continuous force their people to stick to norms that can safeguard the environment and hence, they will prefer to buy these kind of cars rather than that of the expensive cars which are available in the market. Tech-savvy customers will be more than happy to buy EnBuFriend car because of the features that the cat will offer. The car will be very comfortable to the driver because of the features but again the customers should be willing to explore the features. A person who is not very techno-freak will not like the car because things will not be simple as it would be in other cars. There will be plenty of other features as well and these features will not be there in other cars (Enkel 2009). Positioning of EnBuFriend EnBuFriend Car should be positioned smartly so that the right set of people is motivated to buy the car. If the car is not positioned properly then there are very high chances that the car will be a failure as it will not be liked by anyone. Few of the ways by which the car with be positioned in the market are discussed below. Be environmentally friendly is one of the core features that is offered by this car so it should reach out to people who are willing to do some good for the environment. The car will be positioned as a car that can contribute to the green initiatives that every individual is taking. If a person is concerned about the environment and if they are undertaking simple small things to reduce the impact of negative things on the environment then they will be able to connect themselves with the positioning. EnBuFriend car will be positioned as a budget friendly car for the executives. The executives are bothered about the money that they will be spending on the petrol for everyday travel and hence, they can opt for electric car. The electric car can charge their car with electricity or they can charge their car with solar energy. This will ensure that the executives have their personal vehicle to travel around and at the same time, they can be rest assured that they arent spending a huge amount of money on petrol (Dyer 2001). The target audience will be explained that they are spending huge money in maintenance because of the usage of petrol but the executives need not spend much money on maintaining EnBuFriend car. EnBuFriend car is for people who are conscious about the money that they are spending and hence, the management will ensure that they are made aware of the savings. This will motivate them to buy this car. This car is only for people who are techno freak. This car will ensure that the driver has plenty of features to enjoy the drive. Most of the people have a person that having an electric car would mean that they will have to compromise on the features of luxury car and also the comfort but the users of EnBuFriend can be rest assured that they will not have to suffer. EnBuFriend will have the best of features and the car is designed by way of keeping the drivers comfort in mind so they can be sure that they will get the best of features at a most affordable price (Dess 2005). SWOT analysis of EnBuFriend There are various strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with EnBuFriend so it is the responsibility of the management to understand the various aspects so that the business can be planned accordingly. Few of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are discussed below. Strengths There are various strengths of EnBuFriend so it is the responsibility of the management to understand the strengths and work on it. Few of the strengths of EnBuFriend are as follows: - EnBuFriend car is cheap to produce and hence, manufacturer can produce cars in huge quality. If an organization is planning to start with the manufacturing of regular cars then it would be expensive but that is not the case with an electric car. EnBuFriend doesnt need any maintenance. The users can be rest assured that they arent going to spend a part of their fortune in maintaining the electric car that they have purchased. EnBuFriend is well planned and hence, the mileage that the car can get from charging the car for 2 hours in a day would be sufficient enough for the complete day travel. Apart from that, the user can take the car for a long drive as well if they can charge the car using solar energy. In the future, when EnBuFriend becomes popular among the users, the production capacity can be increased. The cost of production is low and hence, the management can be rest assured that they can produce more cars to sell more cars. The research and development of EnBuFriend is better than that of the any other electric car. They will ensure that they are able to understand the requirements of the customers and accordingly innovation is done. EnBuFriend ensures that they leave spoke for development open rather than that of keeping the development intact. This will allow the customers to modify the car as per their requirement rather than that of sticking to what is readily available (Faems 2010). Weaknesses There are various weaknesses as well in the organization so the management should understand the weakness and work accordingly so that the organization can improve continuously. Few of the weaknesses which needs to be worked upon by the management of EnBuFriend are as follows: - The batteries that is installed in the electric car is heavy and hence, they the weight of the car also increases. Installation of small batteries would mean that the capacity of holding power is reduced. Unlike the petrol and diesel based cars, the capacity of holding electric power reduces in the electric power. If the user uses the electric car extensively then there are possibilities that the capacity of holding power is reduced in a years time. After the battery gets old, the user will have to charge the battery for longer. The dealer network is small and there very high possibilities that none of the dealer will be willing to have this car in their showroom. If this happens then reaching the target audience would be a difficult thing. Customers trust in this segment is already very low because of the previous electric cars that were introduced by other company. Now it will be difficult for EnBuFriend to gain the trust in the electric car segment. The top of electric car is very low as compared to that of the regular vehicle. This is one of the reasons due to which people reconsider buying this car. Opportunities There are plenty of opportunities in the open market for EnBuFriend. It is the responsibility of the management to understand and explore the opportunities so that they can grow rather than that of being stagnant. Few of the opportunities that can be seen by EnBuFriend for their nearby future are as follows: - The government from different countries will support the Electric car project because every country today is willing to save the planet. EnBuFriend can take help from the home government to sponsor their electric car and this will help them to get easy access to funds required. The management of EnBuFrined can request the government to give road tax breaks for electric cars. This will ensure that more and more people are motivated to buy electric car because people are will to buy electric car to save money and this cat will save further money. The battery technology is evolving fast and hence, EnBuFriend can be rest assured that they will be able to produce the best possible battery that can run without being charged for a longer time period. Not only the government and large organization are trying to go green but also the individuals are willing to do their part of good to the environment. These individuals will buy EnBuFriend because they know that this is green (Francis 2005). Threats There are various threats associated with EnBuFriend so it is the responsibility of the management to identify them and work on it so that they dont create an impact on the business. Few of the threats associated with EnBuFriend are as follows: - EnBuFriend has taken lot of grants from the government and at the same time, they have taken loan from banks. It is the responsibility of the management to ensure that they are able to return back all the money. BMW, Mercedes and other such big names may enter the electric car market in the near future. If these cars enter the electric car market then there are very high chances that people will opt for these brands rather than that of small upcoming brands because of the brand name that they hold. Hybrid and diesel technology is evolving faster than anyone can think about. There are very high possibilities that Hybrid cars will be opted by people over the electric car. Hydrogen powered vehicle is the talk of the town and there are very possibilities that the speed lovers will opt for that rather than that of other cars. Hydrogen technology isnt creating much impact on the environment and hence, the environment lovers will also love it (Freeman 2007). Micro environment of EnBuFriend Various things in the Micro environment will create an impact on the EnBuFriend. It is the responsibility of the EnBuFriend to understand the various groups so that their request can be well understand. Few of the expectations that the micro environment has from EnBuFriend are discussed below. Employees play a very crucial role in the organization. It is the responsibility of the management to understand the expectations that they have so that it can be fulfilled. The employees should be give salary as per the market standards and also incentives for the achievement that they do. This will motivate the employee to work better and stay back with the organization for a longer duration. The employees have the potential to make or break the organization because they are the one who directly with the customers. Suppliers also play a crucial role in the betterment of EnBuFriend. EnBuFriend doesnt undertake all the production in the organization as most of the production work is outsourced. It is the responsibility of the management to pay good and competitive price to the suppliers so that they are motivated to provide good quality. If the suppliers are under-paid then they will provide low quality and this will create an impact on the whole product quality. Quality standards should be set so that the management can be rest assured about the quality of goods that they receive. On the other end, EnBuFriend should conduct annual audits so that the suppliers are motivated to the quality mentioned (Garvin 2006). Customers are the most important part of the micro environment. The management should look for ways by which they can understand the expectations of the customers so that EnBuFriend can be innovate accordingly. If the management of EnBuFriend is not willing to change then there are very high possibilities that they will be stagnant and hence, some other competitor will take number one position in the electric car market and EnBuFriend will be left behind. Shareholders of the organization should also be considered by the management of EnBuFriend. It is the responsibility of the management to keep the shareholders informed about the financial transaction in the organization. If the shareholders arent informed about the financial status of the organization then there are high possibilities that the shareholders will draw back their money and the organization will be in loss. Competitors play a very crucial role in the micro environment of EnBuFriend and they cannot be ignored at any cost. The management of EnBuFriend should keep a close watch on the moves of the competitors. Accordingly, EnBuFriend should also make the move so that they can retain their competitive position in the market. EnBuFriend should understand the moves of the competitor and plan something better so that they can retain the competitive position and also the customers that they have (Herzog 2011). Macro environment trends and EnBuFriend Macro environment may seem to be irrelevant to EnBuFriend but it is the responsibility of the management to track it. If the management ignores the trends in the macros environment then survival will be a difficult task to achieve. Various trends in the macro environment can create an impact on EnBuFriend and they are discussed below. Economics of the target market needs to be considered by EnBuFriends management. If the people in the country arent financially strong then they may opt for a car. Introduction of a car is always recommended in a developed economy because there are very high chances that people will not make investment in car when they are struggling to fulfill their basic requirements. Technological advancements in the environment should be considered. If the technological advancements are ignored by EnBuFriend and if they continue to do the same task then EnBuFriend will be technologically weak. To meet the customer requirements, the organization should be ahead of competition and the only way to achieve that would be understand the technological advancements and implement it accordingly. The social and cultural impact can also create an impact on the sale of EnBuFriend. If the people in the country are willing to be environmentally friendly then it is highly recommended to enter in that country. If people arent willing to be environmentally friendly then they may not accept the car. Socially and culturally, developed nations are accepting electric cars and hence, EnBuFriend should try to flourish in developed nations rather than that of developing and under-developed nation (Holmberg 2011). 7Ps of marketing for EnBuFriend All the 7Ps of marketing should be used effectively by EnBuFriend so that they can reach the target audience. The different Ps of marketing and its impact on EnBuFriend is elaborated effectively below. Product Electric car is the product that EnBuFriend is willing to provide to the customers. This is not like the other cars available in the market and hence, it is the responsibility of the marketing team to benefits that one can derive from the car. The car is environmentally friendly and hence, this is meant for people who are conscious about the environment in which they live. The car can be charged with the help of electricity or solar power. Price EnBuFriend car can be afforded by all and hence, it is available at a very affordable price. This car is available for $1,50,000. This car is for the executives who are not willing to shell out a lot of money in the car that they will be driving. EnBuFriend is cheap and at the same time, they can charge the car at home and hence, additional petrol and diesel expenses can be avoided (Holmberg 2009). Place This car will be initially introduced in the USA and UK. These are developed nations and people from this part of the globe are willing to reduce the impact on the environment. This will be available to people through the various EnBuFriend outlets that will be available. Most of the dealers are dependent on the incentives that they get to promote the car and hence, EnBuFriend will set up its own outlets along with dealer outlets. EnBuFriend will be marketed so that the people are motivated to walk-in in the outlet and buy the electric car that they would like to buy (Lecocq 2009). Promotion Various promotional strategies will be used by EnBuFriend so that they can survive in the market. Few of the promotional strategies that will help the organization to be known among the target audience are discussed below. Advertisements on television will be placed so that the target audience can be aware of the existence of EnBuFriend. The advertisements will be placed during peak hours so that everybody can be aware of the new electric car that is available in the market. Advertisements will be placed on newspaper and magazine. This will help the people to understand the expectations that they have from the car. Apart from that, the customers will be motivated to take test drive so that they can understand the benefits and comforts that they can get from this car. The test drive will be for free of cost and this will be for all the people who are motivated to do their good for the environment. Online marketing will be done extensively so that the customers are motivated to acquire more knowledge about the product. This will motivate the customers to visit the website of EnBuFriend. The details of the visitor will be tracked with the help of cookies and marketing emails will be sent. Marketing emails will also be send to people who has given their email ID at various car related events (Adn 2008). People Plenty of people are associated with EnBuFriend so all of them need to be understood by the management. To start with, the management will start with the employees. All the employees will be trained to communicate to the employees. They will also be given training regarding the technical features of EnBuFriend so that they can sell the products smartly. The employees will be provided soft skill training so that they can be polite with the customer. The customer will be taken care by the employees. If there is any complaint from the customer that will be understood and the management will ensure that any such problem is avoided in the near future (Lehmann 2009). Physical evidence Various physical evidences will be created so that the customer is motivated to reach the location. Banners will be put at regular intervals so that the customers can see and search for more information. The advertisements on magazine can also act as physical evidence. Outlets are one of the places where in the customer will get the touch and feel of the product. It is responsibility of the employees to share complete information about the product. Giving test drive is one of the best physical evidence that can be created. The employee can touch and feel the product. Process The complete process will be automated so that the management can be rest assured that there arent any manual errors. Once the manufacturing of vehicle is done, the management should give technical training to the sales executive. The sales executive will share the same information with the customer. The customer will opt for test drive if they are willing to get a better experience of the vehicle. Lastly, the customer will make the payment and buy the car (Lorenzoni 1995). Conclusion Initially, it may seem to be complicated to reach the target market but this can be achieved with extensive marketing. A marketing plan will be in place so that the target market is motivated to be environmentally friendly and also save the huge money that they are investing in the car and also the petrol. This car is only for people who are techno freak. This car will ensure that the driver has plenty of features to enjoy the drive. Most of the people have a person that having an electric car would mean that they will have to compromise on the features of luxury car and also the comfort but the users of EnBuFriend can be rest assured that they will not have to suffer. References Adn, E., Barray, A. (2008). Go Green in the Automotive Industry . Kalmar: Baltic Business School. Aggeri, F., Elmquist, M., Pohl, H. (2009). Managing learning in the automotive industry the innovation race for electric vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management , 9 (2), 123-147. Beaume, R., Midler, C. (2009). From technology competition to reinventing individual ecomobility: new design strategies for electric vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Technology Management , 9 (2), 174-190. Belderbos, R., Faems D, L. B. (2010). Technological activities and their impact on the financial performance of the firm: Exploitation and exploration within and between firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management , 27 (6), 869-882. Chesbrough, H., Crowther, K. (2006, June). Beyond high tech: early adopters of open innovation in other industries. RD Management , 36 (3), pp. 229-236. Chiaroni, D., Chiesa, V., Frattini, F. (2010). Unraveling the process from closed to open innovation: evidence from mature, asset-intensive industries. RD Management , 40 (3), pp. 222-245. Ebersberger, B., Bloch, C., Herstad, S. J., Van de Velde, E. (2010, November). Open innovation practices and their effect on innovation performance. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management . Enkel, E., Gassmann, O., Chesbrough, H. (2009). Open RD and open innovation: Exploring the phenomenon. RD Management , 39 (4), pp. 311-316. Dyer, J., Kale, P., H., S. (2001). How to Make Strategic Alliances Work. MIT Sloan Management Review , 42 (4), pp. 37-43. Dess, Gregory, G., Lumpkin, G. (2005). The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation in Stimulating Effective Corporate Entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Executive , 19 (1), 147-156. Faems, D., Visser, M., Andries, P., Looy, B. V. (2010). Technology alliance portfolios and financial performance: Value-enhancing and cost-increasing effects of open innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management , 27 (6), 785-796. Francis, D., Bessant, J. (2005). Targeting innovation and implications for capability development. Technovation , 25 (3), 171-183. Freeman, J., Engel, J. (2007). Models of Innovation: Start-ups and Mature Corporations. California Management Review , 94-119. Garvin, D., Levesque, L. (2006, October). Meeting the Challenge of Corporate Entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review , 2-12. Herzog, P. (2011). Open and Closed Innvation, Different Cultures for DIfferent Strategies (2nd ed.). Heidelberg, Germany: Gabler. Holmberg, S. (2011). Emerging Green-Technology Entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial Pathways to Growth in the Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid/Electric Vehicle Space . ICSB World Conference Paper, (pp. 3-8). Stockholm. Holmberg, S., Cummings, J. (2009). Building Successful Strategic Alliances: Strategic Process and Analytical Tool for Selecting Partner Industries and Firms. Long Range Planning , 42 (2), 164-193. Lecocq, C., Looy, B. V. (2009). The impact of collaboration on the technological performance of regions: time invariant or driven by life cycle dynamics? An explorative investigation of European regions in the field of Biotechnology. Scientometrics , 80 (3), 845-865. Lehmann, F. (2009). Collaboration with future competitors and partners beyond your current industry, A case study on Tesla Motors. Copenhagen Business School, Copenghagen. Lorenzoni, G., Baden-Fuller, C. (1995). Creating a strategic center to manage a web of partners. California Management Review , 37 (3), 146-163.

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Development of the EU Commission - Essay Example The EU operates through a system of supranational independence institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. The main institutions of EU include the European Union Council, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the EU, the European Commission, and the European Central Bank1. It has a parliament named European Parliament, elected every five years by the EU citizens. The European Commission is the EU’s supervisory body; responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the union’s treaties, and the general daily running of the union. It operates as a cabinet government, which has 27 members of the Commission. Each member state has one member, and they are bound to represent EU’s interests as a whole, but not their home state. The 27 members elect the Commission President as proposed by the European Council and elected by the European Parliament. The Council in agreement with the nominated president appo ints the 26 members of the Commission, and then the European government approves the full Commission. The EU Council The EU Council is a body comprising of the heads of state of the EU member states, President of the European Council as well as the European Commission’s President. The High Representative for Foreign Affairs also takes part in the Council’s meetings. ... It became an informal body in 1975 and an official EU institution in 2009 after the enforcement of the Treaty of Lisbon. The European Parliament The European Parliament is a parliamentary institution of the European Union elected directly. It exercises the legislative function of the EU together with the Council of the European Union and the Commission. It is one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. It has 754 members serving the world’s largest democratic electorate in the world, second only to India. It is also the world’s greatest international democratic electorate. The universal suffrage directly elects the European Parliament since 1979. The parliament has legislative power that such body does not possess it because it has no legislative initiative as most state parliaments within the Union2. It is the first institution of the EU that has ceremonial precedence in Europe. It shares equal budgetary and legislative powers with the Council, and enjoys equal control over the EU budget. The European Commission and the executive body of the EU are accountable to Parliament because it elects the Commission’s President and staffs the whole Commission. It has the mandate to censure the body thereby forcing its resignation. Powers of the EU Institutions The European Union Commission The European Union Commission holds significant powers in ensuring proper implementation of the treaties. These powers include the mandate to recognize breaches of the EC laws, which is Article 284. The powers given to the Commission are remarkable and it encounters challenges considering that it has to work through the Member States agencies that at times violate the EC laws. However, the Commission has

Heliotrope Medical Devices (HMD) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Heliotrope Medical Devices (HMD) - Case Study Example In addition, the Mobile robot permits application of an insertion method that enables outpatient cardiac surgery. The models in these experiment used suction to sustain pretension of the heart while the locomotion was aided by a wire-driven actuation. Also a digitized fiber scope presents visual feedbacks to the general practitioner, who gearshift the heartlander through joystick interface in various samples to determine the control process. The original model exhibited progressive prehension , locomotion and turning on bare chest, thumping pig hearts having excess pericardiums .This work exhibits a control process for producing the heartlander component which requires special attention during production. Abstract Table of contents Background information †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Literature review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Robot Assisted cardiac Surgery †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 System requirements †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Design implementation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Testing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Findings and discussion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 Conclusion and recommendation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Reference †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Appendix 1: Calculation to test one finding Appendix 2: Calculation to test two finding BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cardiac surgery is an intervention on the heart or other significant vessels carried out by cardiac surgeons, in most cases it is performed to treat issues related ischemic heart disease. In the recent past, application of minimally invasive methods has turn out to be the main objective in cardiothoracic surgery since there a need to do away with morbidity related to sternotomy. Sternotomy refers to the bisecting of the sternum in order to expose the ribcage which gives the surgeon easy access to the heart and it majorly obviated by use of endoscopic minimally invasive surgery(Tendick et al 2003). This practice employs minute cameras and tools placed at distal ends of rigid shafts placed through miniature incisions between the ribs (figure 1). By use of endoscopic tools, the surgeon is in a position to convey the equipments to the operative site instead of exposing the patient to render the operative site to the tools. These mainly reduce movement in surgical process since the major pain and disability witnessed by the patient is as result of accessibility rather than the process itself. Figure 1 Nevertheless, the initial handheld endoscopic equipments had various setbacks that limited the implementation of minimally invasive methods for most surgical procedures. These drawbacks included: decrease in dexterity,

Chronic Liver Disease and Its Risk Factors

Chronic Liver Disease and Its Risk Factors Chronic Liver Disease and Its Risk Factors: Alcohol and Nutrition One of the most vital organs in the human body is the liver. The liver is the organ responsible for a variety of essential functions that is necessary for optimal health and well-being of a person. It is tasked with detoxifying your body from all the substances that circulates in the bloodstream coming from foods, medications and by-products of cellular processes. The liver is also responsible for other functions such as creation of bile and red blood cell composition. It can be said that a healthy individual needs to have a healthy functioning liver as well. Due to its numerous functions, the liver is also one of the organs of the body that is most commonly injured as well. Chronic liver disease is a condition wherein the liver is not able to carry out its functions for an extended period of time (i.e., 6 months or more). When your liver is subjected to a lot of stresses and harmful substances, problems with its functioning can occur and render it unable to carry out its vital functions. The most commonly mentioned factors related to the existence of chronic liver problems is poor diet and alcohol abuse. Problems with the functioning of the liver can contribute to the existence of a lot of other conditions that is harmful to your health since the substances that it is supposed to clear from your body are not eliminated. Nutrition and Chronic Liver Problems The food that you take contributes to meet your body’s need for energy to help you with activities of daily living. However, it has been found through numerous researches that the type of diet you take also can contribute to the existence of problems with your liver, injuring it and impairing its functions. Fatty liver is one of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases and is brought about by intake of foods that is high in fat and cholesterol content. These foods are those that are usually found in fast foods and are rich in sodium and sugars as well. Included in this would be foods that are deep fried in animal fat such as French fries and chicken, dairy products that are non-fat and processed and canned meat products. Apart from causing fatty liver, these foods are also pointed out to be the source of obesity, heart conditions. Alcohol Intake and Liver Injury Alcohol is another factor that has been linked to the development of chronic liver disease. This is because alcohol in itself is seen as an oxidizing agent, meaning that alcohol can cause the cells within your liver to dry, and easily get injured. When this happens, inflammation can occur in your liver. Imagine this happening on a long-term basis, and you will see that the liver gets repeatedly injured, resulting in a condition known as cirrhosis. In this case, the liver gets scar tissues in areas repeatedly injured, rendering these areas non-functional. This can result in the liver’s inability to detoxify your body of the substances you take that can harm the cells of your body. So, if you want to have a normal and healthy functioning liver, it is essential that you choose your diet very well and keep your alcohol intake to low or moderate levels if you really can’t avoid it totally. References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2009.03.019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.41.6.845 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-62703-047-2_38 Maintaining Optimal Cognitive Health Through Diet The cognitive abilities of an individual is found to be on a continuous growth and development throughout the lifespan. This finding contrary to the previous notion that your cognitive abilities experience a decline as you age. This is because there are previous studies showing that decline in cognitive functioning occurring with age is mostly due to the existence of problems such as dementia, or other neurological condition like stroke. However, the growth of your cognitive capacities does not happen if conditions that are related to the overall functioning of your body are not conducive for it. It means that when you do not necessarily take care of your cognitive health, a decline may occur unless you take measures to delay or stop it from happening. Over the years, there are a number of researches that have been made in this area and these studies have turned out with findings that one of the ways to maintain and promote optimal levels in cognitive functioning is through managing the foods that you take. Nutrition is essential to overall functioning of your body and even cognitive health. If your diet is high in foods that contains essential fatty acids, nutrients and other vitamins, this can contribute to cognitive health. This not only increase your cognitive health but it can also prevent other chronic health conditions from occurring such as hypertension and strokes. Certain types of diet that are considered to be highly conducive in maintaining and promoting optimal health are the DASH and Mediterranean diets. The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet is a plan that is usually given to people who have hypertension. This is primarily composed of lists of foods that the person with hypertension can take and how much they are allowed to have in order to stop the progression of hypertension if they already have it, or to stop hypertension from occurring if they are at high risk for its development. Since this diet decreases the intake of salt, fat, and refined carbohydrates in the overall intake, it is also used for adoption in other people with other health conditions such as heart diseases, obesity and stroke. In a study conducted in the US, it has been seen that individuals who adopted the DASH diet have been seen to have lower blood pressures. This can be useful in prevention of cognitive decline since an effective blood circulatio n to your brain is also related to your blood pressure. When you have a blood pressure that is within the normal limits, then your blood is able to flow more efficiently, increasing the delivery of essential nutrients and oxygen to your brain and contributing to overall cognitive health. Another diet that has been found to be helpful in maintain and promoting optimal cognitive health is the Mediterranean diet. This diet has been followed by people from the Mediterranean such as the people from Spain, the Greeks and those who are living in the Mediterranean islands. It is rich in foods that are rich in essential fatty acids such as peas and lentils, fish and olive oil that is essential for cognitive health and functioning. Also, this diet is rich in fruits and bread using mostly whole grains and other unrefined sources of carbohydrates that are important in ensuring that the vessels and nerves in the brain remain healthy and disease free. The maintenance and promotion of optimal cognitive health is not essentially hard, if you know the necessary steps to take in its promotion. And, with it, always remember that prevention of any cognitive problems is way so much better than finding a cure for it! References: Gardener H, Wright CB, Gu Y, Demmer RT, Boden-Albala B, Elkind MS, et al. Mediterranean-style diet and risk of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death: the Northern Manhattan Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:1458–64. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13668-013-0070-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nure.12040 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/718338 Bach-Faig A, Berry EM, Lairon D, Reguant J, Trichopoulou A, Dernini S, et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14:2274–84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997798/ Vitamin D and Its Benefits Vitamin D is probably one of those that are underappreciated for all its worth. Over the years, it was only usually related to or referred to its use in helping the absorption of calcium from your bloodstream to be deposited into your bones. This was probably the only function of this vitamin that you know, but it does more than that. Apart from helping calcium in your diet to be absorbed into your bones from your bloodstream, there are numerous other uses that Vitamin D can play in your body. Vitamin D Helps Maintain Immune System Researchers from the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Denver has found that maintaining high levels of Vitamin D in your bloodstream can help maintain immune function and help you prevent from contracting infections such as colds and other common infections. Vitamin D Helps Reduce Your Risk of Developing Multiple Sclerosis Vitamin D is usually found in your blood stream and is activated when you are exposed to sunlight. Therefore, the more you are exposed to healthy levels of sunlight, the more Vitamin D is activated and conversely, more of it is found on your blood stream. Studies have revealed that people who live in tropical areas where they are more exposed to sunlight have lower risks for the development of multiple sclerosis throughout their lifetimes. Vitamin D Is Essential in Maintaining Cognitive Functions A European study involving 3000 males between the ages of 40 and throughout the continent has shown that increasing vitamin D levels in the blood stream has helped the respondents maintain optimal level of functioning in their brains even later on in their lives. This means that having higher levels of this vitamin in your blood stream can help reduce your risk for developing dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions resulting in the decline of your cognitive functioning. Other Uses of Vitamin D As mentioned in the previous sections, Vitamin D has a lot of uses. Apart from those that were mentioned above, it can also help you maintain a healthier body weight and decrease your risk for obesity. This is seen in a research conducted by the Medical College of Georgia in the United States. It can also help in managing asthma and its symptoms. In a study that was conducted among over 600 children in Costa Rica by the Harvard Medical School, it has been found that those who were found to have high blood levels of Vitamin D have decreased episodes and severity of their asthmatic attacks. Moreover, increased level of Vitamin D is also found to reduce the likelihood of development of rheumatoid arthritis in women who are over the age of 40. Vitamin D has also been found to have a protective function in those who are being treated for cancer via radiation therapy. This is supported by a study conducted by experts in the field of radiology in the New York City Health Department. Vitamin D is also seen to decrease the risk for cancer development when it is maintained on a high level in the blood stream. This is regardless of the individual’s age and nutritional status. Vitamin D is also shown to help individuals with tuberculosis recover faster, decrease the risk of heart attacks and play a vital role in overall muscular health. References: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161618.php Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):362-71. Vitamins and minerals Vitamin D UK National Health Service. Vitamin D and Cancer Prevention: Strengths and Limits of the Evidence U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. Accessed October 20th 2013. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997213000402?np=y Key to Cardiovascular Health: The Role of Tea and Flavonoids For the longest time, a number of research papers has shown how coffee and other caffeine-containing products has been related to existence of a number of health problems. Caffeine containing products such as coffee, chocolates and tea have been linked to the incidences of heart problems, heart burn and ulcers, and other health conditions. You may probably be one of those who were told by their doctors that they need to lay low on their coffee because of this. It may have even been hard for you because you need coffee or other source of caffeine for your day to start properly. But this will soon come to an end, since there are studies done that can prove this notion otherwise. One of the substances that has been found by research studies to contribute to your health is tea. Both black tea and green tea are found to contain high levels of flavonoids. These flavonoids are believed to improve your vascular health by improving the general health of blood vessels that are responsible for controlling the flow of blood into the other parts of your body. Also, these flavonoids are also suggested to contribute to dilation of blood vessels, further improving blood circulation and oxygen and nutrient supply and delivery to other parts of your body. In studies done, it has been seen that flavonoids are also responsible for decreasing the risk of the development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition wherein the fat and cholesterol often found in your diet gets deposited along the vessel walls and thickens and hardens in there, causing a disruption in blood flow. The presence of atherosclerosis has been linked to cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and ev en stroke since it causes blood to flow more slowly, increase chances of clot formation and deprives your cells of the essential oxygen and nutrients needed for its overall functioning. There is also consistent number of data showing that one of the ways in which flavonoids contribute to general cardiovascular health is through certain mechanisms such as the enhancement of the status of the substance nitric oxide in your bloodstream. High levels of nitric oxide in your blood stream is responsible for the improvement of your endothelial functioning. This substance is consisted by both nitrogen and oxygen atoms and is seen to contribute to reducing the risk of inflammation of the blood vessels, improve functioning of the cells and acts to regulate cellular processes. Apart from the known benefits that flavonoids can have in terms of your cardiovascular status, it also has been found to have other health benefits too. The intake of green tea has been seen and is used to control body weight, reduce body fat content and control the risk of obesity. Tea and flavonoids are also seen to reduce cellular damage due to oxidation process that increases your risk for cancer development. It can also help to reduce incidences of inflammation, formation of clots, and reduce the risk for development of diabetes mellitus type 2. Yes, tea and flavonoids can have all these health benefits but it is also wise to keep its intake in moderation because anything taken in excess in never good for you and your body. References: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15678717 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837049 www.proactivehearthealth.net/Nitric_Oxide.html http://cardiohealthresearch.com/nitric-oxide/ The Benefits of Food to the Brain The human brain is a complex and dynamic organ of the body. Your brain is responsible for all other processes taking place inside your body, whether you are aware of it or not. Your brain is not just responsible for cognitive and psychological processes, it also has something to do with your body’s physiologic processes as well. The healthier your brain is, the healthier functioning it can have and the better general health and well-being you can achieve. Brain health can be achieved through proper diet, exercise and good lifestyle choices. One of the most important aspects of brain health maintenance and development is feeding it with the right vitamins and minerals that it needs to be able to carry out its normal processes. When your brain is being fed with the right nutrients, its physiologic processes are better and more effectively carried out, improving its overall functioning. One of the benefits that you can have because of this is the positive influence it exerts in your brain’s metabolism of the energy coming from the food you take in. Proper metabolism of energy in your brain can help contribute to a more effective neuronal functioning, signal transmission between your neurons, and plasticity in synaptic activities (or the capacity of your brain to cause an increase or decrease in the strength of the synapses in response to time). This can affect how your brain maintains your mental health and your cognitive functioning. Food has a direct influence on the long and short term effects on your brainâ€⠄¢s neuronal plasticity. Food, being a source of both fuel and essential substance that your body needs to maintain and promote optimal cellular process is therefore important for your brain functioning. For the longest time, diet, has been studied in terms of how it affects the manner in which a person’s brain functions. It has been seen to exert an influence in the evolution of the brain and in improving its capacity as well. The manner in which you feed yourself and the choice of food you take is therefore important to consider if you want to maintain and promote optimal brain health and cognitive functioning. Essential fatty acids, specifically DHA which usually found in sources of protein such as meat products, dairy, fish and poultry and its products is helpful in synaptic functioning and in maintenance of cognitive functioning, decreasing the risk for the development of conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, and also other mental health problems as well. The use of DHA on your body, however is reversed when you prepare your food in a manner that is high in trans fat such as cooking it in animal fat like deep-frying. Other food sources such as vegetables, lentils and fruits and whole grain are also linked to their positive effect in terms of maintenance of the health of nervous tissues. Staying away from alcohol can also have a positive impact on your brain health and cognitive functioning since alcohol has been found to exert an oxidative effect, accelerating the manner in which the cells and tissues in your brain degenerates and die, therefore affecting your cogni tive health negatively. References: http://journals.lww.com/co-clinicalnutrition/Abstract/2013/11000/Diet_and_cognition___interplay_between_cell.21.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2805706/ http://www.dietaryfiberfood.com/nutrition/brain-food-nutrition.php

Japans Purple Machine Essay -- Codes Communications Papers

Japan's Purple Machine Codes and ciphers have played many crucial roles in the past 3000 years, protecting the secrets of caesars and laymen. In World War II numerous nations used cryptographic systems to conceal their secret intentions and plans from the spying eyes of enemies everywhere. Cryptanalysts, however, undeterred by the complexity of the crypto-systems, worked diligently, trying to find any sort of weakness that would allow a break into the cipher and expose the secrets contained within. During the late 1930s two nations, Japan and the United States, were in a state of intense negotiations regarding various political conflicts. The US trying to indirectly help the Allies set numerous conditions for Japan that prevented her from receiving crucial resources and embarking on its agreed upon mission with its European friends. In the midst of this, a machine cipher, codenamed Purple was performing a vital role in the war making policies for both Japan and the United States. A rarely told story a bout a secret operation in the US involved in breaking Japan's most secure crypto-system reveals a truly remarkable set of events that not only shaped the outcome of WWII, but also spearheaded the launch of numerous intelligence agencies for protecting the citizens of its nations and preventing surprise attacks such as the one on Pearl Harbor. Japan's New Cipher Machine In the early 1930s, the Japanese Navy purchased a commercial version of the German Enigma and proceeded to modify it by adding features which enhanced its security (Kahn 6). The system that evolved was one of the most secure cryptographic machines in the world. The machine was codenamed "Red" by the US government and was used to encrypt the highest level ... ...ng. March 01, 2004. http://www.faircount.com/web04/pearlharbor/pdfs/codebreakers.pdf Hatch, A. David. Enigma and Purple: How the Allies Broke German and Japanese Codes During the War. March 06, 2004. http://cadigweb.ew.usna.edu/Lwdj/papers/cryptoday/hatch j,urple.ps Kahn, David. The Codebreakers. New York: Scribner, 1996. Kurzeja, Karen. Pearl Harbor & Ciphering Methods. March 1, 2004. http://raphael.math.uic.edu/Jeremy/crypt/contrib/kurzeja.html Momsen, Bill. Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II. March 07, 2004. http://home.earthlink.net/–nbrassl/3enigma.htm Perloff, James. Pearl Harbor. The New American. December 8, 1986. http://www.thenewamerican.com/departments/feature/l 999/070499.htm Young, Frank Pierce. Flame & Blame at Pearl Harbor. The Responsibility Question. March 01, 2004. http://www.microworks.net/pacific/special/flamel.htm

Non Performing Assets

1. a. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project is entitled â€Å"A study on The Management of Non-Performing Assets in the Canara Bank’s Loan Portfolio† is done at the Canara Bank, Donimalai Township, Sandur (TQ), Bellary (Dist), Karnataka State. INTRODUCTION: An efficient financial management is becoming inevitable for every manager in today’s corporate world. From a traditional aspect of raising funds whenever needed the importance has shifted to day to day financial decision making and problem solving.When initially the stress was on the internal analysis of the firm, procurement of funds, management of assets and allocation of capital, the present importance has shifted to decision making within the firm. With the modern aspect of finance function the responsibilities of the finance manager has also increased. In the process of making optional decision, he makes use of certain analytical tools in the analysis, planning and control activities of the firm. Financial analy sis is an essential prerequisite for making sound financial decisions.This study is intended to probe into the management of non performing assets in the Canara Bank’s Loan Portfolio, for the period of 2002-2003 to 2005-2006. The study is completely based on the analysis and interpretation of the published accounts of the bank and personal interview of the senior officials of the bank. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: ? To evaluate the Canara Bank’s asset quality. ? To identify the effectiveness of the risk management system, undertaken by the bank. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: ? The scope of the study here was confined to the organization only. ? The study covers to find out the strategy required to reduce the NPAs.METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY: ? Primary data. ? Secondary data. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: When the data collected is completed the data is processed and the relevant information is obtained. The data collected is analyzed using various statistical tools like frequency d istribution, charts and percentage analysis. DURATION OF THE STUDY: This study is intended to probe into the management of non performing assets in the Canara Bank’s Loan Portfolio, for the period of 2003-2004 to 2005-2006. FINDINGS: ? The Net NPA ratio of the Canara Bank declined from 1. 88% as at March 31st 2005 to 1. 12% as at March 31st 2006. Canara Bank has recovered its NPA which is amounted to Rs. 865 crore during 2005-2006. ? The Net NPA of the Canara Bank declined from Rs. 1454 crore as on 31st March 2006. ? The Net NPA percentage of Canara Bank has reduced by over 19% during 2005-2006. RECOMMENDATIONS: ? Canara Bank should concentrate more on credit appraisal, monitoring, credit risk management and recoveries. ? Settlement is a better option for the banks wrestling with the problem of non-performing assets. ? Credit scoring allows lenders to determine whether or not you fit the profile of the type of customers they are looking for. Banks concerned should continuousl y monitor loans to identify accounts that have potential to become non-performing. CONCLUSION: ? Securitization Act will surely help banks in reduction of NPA to a great extent. ? Preventing fresh flow of NPAs to a great extent. ? Exchange of credit information among banks would be of immense help to avoid possible NPAs. 1. b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION: INDUSTRY PROFILE Banking in one form or another was in existence even in ancient times. The writings of Manu (the maker of old Hindu Law) and Kautilya (the Minister of Chandragupta Maurya) contained references to banking.However, banking as a kind of business i. e. , modern banking is of recent origin. It came into existence only after the industrial revolution. After the industrial revolution, with the increase in the size of industrial and business units, joint stock company people with small means to become shareholders of big industrial and business enterprises. Still, there were certain sections of public who were not prepared to inv est their money on the shares of joint stock companies. However they were willing to part with a little surplus money, if they were assured of the repayment of their money with a little interest thereon.So naturally, there arose the need for formation of financial institutions that could collect the surplus funds of people on terms acceptable to them and make them available to the needy for productive purpose. Accordingly a large number of financial institutions called joint stock banks were set up after industrial revolution. As such joint banks or modern banks are of recent development. MEANING OF BANKS: A banking company in India has been defined in the Banking Companies Act 1949 as â€Å"One which transacts the business of banking which means the accepting of he purpose of sending or investment of deposits of money form the public repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawable by cheque, draft order or otherwise†. STRUCTURE OF BANKING SYSTEM IN INDIA: Indian Banking Sy stem has been categories into two: 1. Scheduled Banks. i. State Co-operative. ii. Commercial Banks. 2. Non-Scheduled Banks: Central Co-operative Banks and Primary Credit Societies. Commercial Banks. Commercial Banks are further divided into Indian Banks and Foreign Banks. Indian Banks are further divided into: 1. Public Sector Banks. 2. SBI and its Subsidies. 3. Other Nationalized Banks. 4. Regional Rural Banks.ACTIVITIES OF BANKS: I. Activities of Commercial Banks. II. Activities of Central Banks. I. Activities of Commercial Banks: The activities undertaken by commercial banks be subdivided into: a. Primary Functions. b. Subsidiary Functions. a. Primary Functions: i. Acceptance of deposits: It is very important for banks as it forms the basis of all other activities of banks. It accepts various types of deposits. They are current deposit, saving deposit, fixed deposit and recurring deposits. ii. Lending of Funds: It is also the most important function of Commercial Banks as it fetc hes the major portions of the income of the banks.Banks lend money by the way of loans, overdrafts, cash credit and discounting of bills. b. Subsidiary Functions: i. Agency Functions: The services rendered by banks as agent of their customers are called agency services. They are: †¢ Banks collect cheque, bank draft, bills, interest, dividends etc on behalf of the customer. †¢ Banks sells and purchases securities on behalf of the customers. †¢ Banks arranges for remittance of funds from one place to another place. †¢ Banks acts as trustees, executors, representatives of their customers. ii.General Utility Services: Services rendered by banks to their customers as well as the general public are called as general utility services. †¢ Banks accept precious articles, documents etc for safe custody. †¢ Banks helps exporters and importers in foreign trade. †¢ Banks issue travellers cheque, letter of credit, circular notes etc. †¢ Banks acts as a refe rence and supply information about the financial standing of the customers to others. II. Activities of the Central Bank: A. Monopoly of Note issue. B. Banker, Agent, Advisor to the government. C. Custodian of cash reserves of the banks. D. Lender of the last resort.FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE’S OF BANKS: The importance of banks in the modern economy cannot be denied. Banks play a significant role in the economic development. Banks perform a number of functions. They are: 1. Banks mobilize the small scattered and ideal savings of the people, and make them available for productive purpose. In the sort, they aid the process of capital formation. 2. By accepting the savings of the people, banks provide safety and security to the surplus money of the depositors. 3. Banks provide a convenient and economical method of payment. The cheque system introduced by banks is convenient form making payments.Again the use of cheque economies the time and trouble involved in settlement of busine ss obligations. 4. Banks provide a convenient and economical means of transfer of funds from one place to another. Banks drafts are commonly used for remittances of funds from one place to another. 5. Banks helps the movement of capital from regions where it is no very useful to regions where it can be more usefully employed, by moving funds, banks increases the utility of funds. Again by moving funds from one place to another, banks contribute to the economic development of backward regions. 6.Banks influence the rates of interest in the money markets. Through the supply of money (i. e. bank money or bank deposits) banks expert a powerful influence on the interest rates in the money market. 7. Banks help trade and commerce industry and agriculture by meeting their financial requirements. But for the financial assistance provided by the banks, the pace of growth of trade and commerce industry and agriculture would have been very slow. 8. Banks direct the flow of funds into productio n channels. While lending money, they discriminate in favor of essential activities and against non essential activities.Thus they encourage the development of right types of activities which the society desires. 9. Banks always make it a point to help the industries, the prudent, the punctual and the honest and discourage the dishonest, the spendthrift, the gambler the lair and the knave (i. e. the rouge). Thus banks act as public conservators of commercial virtues. 10. Banks serves as the best financial intermediaries between the saver (i. e. the depositors or lenders) and the investor (i. e. the borrowers or the entrepreneurs). SERVICE PROFILE OF THE CANARA BANK: The bank has many financial services and different schemes.Important among them are as follows: DOMESTIC PRODUCTS SAVING BANK DEPOSITS: For individuals & non-trading organizations / institutions. CURRENT ACCOUNT: For business operations – trades, businessmen, corporate bodies. FIXED DEPOSITS: Secured way to high r eturns – individuals and institutions. KAMADHENU DEPOSITS: Re-investment money multiplier plan. CANBANK AUTO – RENEWAL: Higher return in a shorter plan. CANFLEXI DEPOSITS: A combination of savings & fixed deposits – high return & instant liquidity. ASHRAYA DEPOSITS: Respecting Indian values for senior citizens.RECURRING DEPOSITS SCHEME: Inculcating saving, a rewarding & recurring habit. FLOATING RATE DEPOSITS SCHEME (FRDS): Insures against interest rate fluctuations. LOAN PRODUCTS HOUSING LOAN SCHEME: Purchase of a ready built house / flat construction of house, purchase of a site and construction of house thereon, for undertaking repairs, renovations, upgradation, and creation of additional amenities and for taking over of the HL liability from other recognized housing finance companies and banks. HOME IMPROVEMENT LOANS: Furnishing the house / flat along with bank’s home loans / independently.CANMOBILE: Facilities purchase of new / used cards / jeeps of all make. The scheme also covers finance for purchase of brand new two wheelers. CANCARRY: Provided credit worthy individuals, professional and salaried class for buying consumer durables and household articles. CANCASH: Offer assistance for meeting unforeseen contingencies. Finance is granted against approved shares, bonds and debentures held by the clients. CANBUDGET: Fulfills the financial needs of confirmed employees of reputed PSU’s, joint stock companies, central / state / semi – government employees nd lecturers / professors / assistant professors of colleges / universities and research institutes. CANRENT: Provides loans to property owners whenever the property is leased / rented out to PSU’s central / state / semi – government undertakings. Reputed corporate banks. Financial institutions, Insurance companies and MNCs. CANMORTGAGE: Designed to meet the financial requirements against security of equitable mortgagee of property (land & building) to professional, businessman, salaried persons and individuals.VIDYASAGAR EDUCATIONAL LOAN SCHEME: Renders financial assistance for needy and meritous students for pursuing all type of studies (professionals / general) in India and Abroad. LOAN SCHEME TO TRADERS / BUSINESS ENTERPRISES: With hassle – free and minimum terms and conditions, the scheme cater to the needs of traders and other business enterprises for smooth flow of business activities. CANMAHILA: Exclusive loan scheme for women clientele. AGRI – LOAN SCHEME: Various loan schemes for agri-clinic, minor, irrigation, farm development / machinery, plantation crops fishers and for agro-exports.SSI LOAN SCHEME: A host of schemed available for technology up gradation fund in textile and jute industries, credit linked capital subsidy stand by credit for capital expenditure and margin money scheme of KVIC. OTHER PRIORITY SCHEME: These include loan for retail traders, small business, professional / self employed, medica l practitioners and loan for solar water heating / home lighting system. CREDIT CARD OPERATIONS †¢ The first Indian card issuers to bay ISO 9002 certification, CANCARD today as a distinct recognition in the domestic as well as international market. All verstors of CANCARD namely, CANCARD visa, classic, visa-corporate, master card and visa – international gold are issued through all CANARA BANK branches & 24 CANCARD service centers located at major cities across the country. †¢ Four Indian Banks are in affiliation with the bank for issue of CANCARD VISACARD. †¢ Launched DEBIT CARD on November 4, 2003, a value added and tech based product for its niche clients. CUSTOMER CENTRIC ETHOS †¢ CANARA BANK was the first to articulate the directive principles of good banking, detailing banker’s duties and customers rights. First bank to get ISO certification for one of its branches in Bangalore in the year of 1995-1996. †¢ Recommendations of the Goiporia Committee on Customer Service have been implemented by the bank. †¢ The bank has Computerized Information Facilitation Centers (CIFCs) at all circles to look exclusively into customer in a single window framework. †¢ A 24 hour tele – contact facility is also available for customers to air their grievances at corporate as well as circles levels. COMPANY PROFILE OF THE CANARA BANK: HISTORICAL TREND:Canara Bank established in 1906 with the name of Canara Bank Hindu Permanent Fund in Mangalore, India, by Ammembal Subba Rao Pai, is one of the oldest and major commercial bank of India. Its name was changed to Canara Bank Limited in 1910. The bank, along with 13 other major commercial banks of India, was nationalized on 19th July, 1969, by the Government of India. Currently (2005), the bank has 2508 branches spread all over India. The bank also has international presence in several centers, including London, Hong Kong, Moscow, Shanghai, Doha, and Dubai.In terms of business it is the largest nationalized commercial bank in India with a total business of about Rs. 2000 billion (about US $43 billion). ORGANISATION STRUCTURE: The bank has fourteen wings in the Head Office, Bangalore. 1. Personnel Wing 2. Corporate Credit Wing 3. Risk Management Wing 4. Priority Credit Wing 5. Inspection Wing 6. Department of Information Technology Wing 7. Marketing and Customer Relationship 8. Planning and Development Wing 9. Recovery Wing 10. General Administration Wing 11. Financial Management Wing 12. Treasury and International Operation Wing 13.Retail Banking and Subsidiaries Wing 14. Vigilance Wing OFFICE AND BRANCHES: Canara bank has a network of 2415 branches, spread over 22states/ 4 union territories of the country and overseas branch @ London which are administrated through †¢ Head Office at Bangalore †¢ 13 Circles offices / International Division †¢ 35 Regional offices †¢ 2441 Branches BRANCHES ABORAD: CANARA BANK established its Internation al Division in 1976, to supervise the functioning of it various foreign department to give the required thrust to Foreign Exchange business, particularly export and to meet the requirements of NRI’s.Though small in size the Bank’s presence abroad has brought in considerable foreign business, particularly NRI deposits. The presence of bank is shown under. †¢ CANARA BANK, London, UK (Branch) †¢ Indo Hong Kong International Finance Co Ltd Hong Kong (Subsidiary) †¢ AL Razouki International Exchange company , Dubai, UAE According to the latest information, both the CANARA BANK and State Bank of India have come into a mutual agreement as to both the banks will be operating as a one unit in the Moscow. CORPORATE VISION: To top as a World Class Bank with best practices in the realms of asset portfolio, Customer orientation, Product Innovation, Profitability an enhanced value for stake holders. †¢ To set new standards in IT application, Customer responsivene ss, Asset quality and profitability, culminating in higher stoke holder value. †¢ To scale new peaks in respect of IT based banking, efficient service delivery market leadership in profitability. CORPORATE MISSION: †¢ Augmenting low cost deposits. †¢ Toning up asset quality. †¢ Accent on cost control. †¢ Thrust on retail banking. †¢ Customer centric focus. Product innovation and marketing. †¢ Leveraging IT for comprehensive MIS. †¢ Maximize stockholder’s value. CORPORATE OBJECTIVE: E- Efficiency. P- Profitability and Productivity. O- Organization Effectiveness. C- Customers centric H- Hi Tech Banking ACHIVEMENTS: The Bank has already carved a niche in providing IT – based services. Computerized branches, for 65% of the branches & 81% of aggregated business provided a wide array of services such as Network ATM’s, any where Banking , Tele Banking & Remote Access Terminals etc. , The Bank was the first to launch networked ATM ’s & obtain ISO certification.CANARA BANK shares are listed & Bangalore, Mumbai & National Stock Exchanges. †¢ Establish well-developed quality circles have participated in many National & International level competitions and have returned with handsome prizes. †¢ Has set up its own Apex level Training colleges to its employees and thereby takes care of the knowledge, skills and attitudinal development of employees. †¢ Has also taken initiative in the environmental concerns. PERRFORMACE HIGHLIGHTS OF 2005-2006 †¢ Canara Bank has posted net profit of s. 581 cr for the half year ended September 2005 as against Rs. 19 cr during the corresponding previous half year, registered a growth rate of 38. 60%. †¢ The Bank operating profit registered an increase of Rs. 548 cr (57. 81%) to reach Rs. 1496 crore, up from Rs. 948 cr for the first half of the preceding financial. †¢ Return of assets a standard measure of profitability improved from 1. 08% (annuali zed) at a September 2002 to 1. 28% (annualized) as at September 2005. †¢ Number of branches moved up to 2441 from 2416 as at September 2002, besides 248 extension counter. †¢ Global deposits of the Bank aggregated to as Rs. 5, 396crore as against Rs. 67734 crore a year ago, year growth being 11. 31%. MATURITY CLASSIFICATION OF VARIOUS ASSETS AND LIABILITIES: In respects of the certain Assets and liabilities, CANARA BANK have undertaking a behavior study, embedded options in the basis of past of past data, based on which the bank is in a position to decide on the maturities of the asset and liabilities. 2. a. RESEARCH DESIGN A study on the Management of Non Performing Assets in the Canara Bank’s Loan Portfolio is done at the Canara Bank Donimalai Township, Sandur (TQ), Bellary (Dist), Karnataka State.The type of research used for the collection & analysis of the data is â€Å"Historical Research Method†. The main source of data for this study is the past recor ds prepared by the bank. The focus of the study is to determine the non-performing assets of the bank since its inception & to identify the ways in which the performance especially the non-performing assets of the Canara Bank can be improved. The data regarding bank history & profile are collected through â€Å"Exploratory Research Design† particularly through the study of secondary sources and discussions with individuals.Data Collection Method Discussion with the manager & officers of the bank to get general information about the bank & its activities. ? Having face to face discussions with the bank officials ? By taking guidance from bank guide & departmental guide. Secondary Data ? Collection of data through bank annual reports, bank manuals and other relevant documents. ? Collection of data through the literature provided by the bank. Research Measuring Tool: The tools used for data collection are: 1. Personal Interview 2. Secondary Sources 1. Personal Interview:In this, discussions more held directly with the manager & officials to get the clear-cut information about the topic and data to be collected for the purpose of analysis. 2. Secondary Sources: Annual company reports, Balance Sheets, Profit & Loss account are used to collect the data. b. 1. SATATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: A crucial issue which is engaging the constant attention of the banking industry is the alarmingly high level of non performing assets (NPA). Another major anxiety before the banking industry is the high transaction cost of carrying non performing assets in their books.The resolution of the NPA problem requires greater accountability on the part of the corporate, greater disclosure in the case of defaults, an efficient credit information sharing system and an appropriate legal frame work pertaining to the banking system so that court procedures can be stream lined and actual recoveries made within an acceptable time frame. So the project titled â€Å"A study on the Management of Non Performing Assets in the Canara Bank’s Loan Portfolio† looks in to the implications of high NPAs and suggests effective recovery measures for resolving problem loans and thus making the banks NPAs level healthy.It also compares the position of the Canara Bank with other public sector banks in terms of their NPAs in the last three years and also to study the management of total assets and advances of the Canara Bank among other public sector banks. b. 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: ? To evaluate the Canara Bank’s asset quality. ? To compare the position of the Canara Bank with other public sector banks in terms of their NPAs. ? To study the management of total assets and advances of the Canara Bank. ? To identify the effectiveness of the risk management system, undertaken by the bank. To analyze sector wise non-performing assets. ? To offer useful suggestions to reduce the NPA in banks. b. 3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: ? The scope of the study here was confined to th e organization only. ? The study covers to find out the strategy required to reduce the NPAs. ? The concentration is given only in understanding the NPAs growth with the reference of Canara Bank. ? The data is purely based on the secondary data collected from website and journal. ? The scope is limited to drawn conclusions from analysis and interpretations of the primary and secondary data of the Canara Bank. . 4. METHODOLOGY: Introduction The quality of the project work depends on the methodology adopted for the study. Methodology, in turn, depends on the nature of the project work. The use of proper methodology is an essential part of any research. In order to conduct the study scientifically, suitable methods & measures are to be followed. Research Design The type of research used for the collection & analysis of the data is â€Å"Historical Research Method†. The main source of data for this study is the past records prepared by the bank.The focus of the study is to determ ine the non-performing assets of the bank since its inception & to identify the ways in which the performance especially the non-performing assets of the Canara Bank can be improved. The data regarding bank history & profile are collected through â€Å"Exploratory Research Design† particularly through the study of secondary sources and discussions with individuals. Data Collection Method Discussion with the manager & officers of the bank to get general information about the bank & its activities. ? Having face to face discussions with the bank officials ?By taking guidance from bank guide & departmental guide. Secondary Data ? Collection of data through bank annual reports, bank manuals and other relevant documents. ? Collection of data through the literature provided by the bank. Research Measuring Tool: The tools used for data collection are: 1. Personal Interview 2. Secondary Sources 1. Personal Interview: In this, discussions were held directly with the manager & official s to get the clear-cut information about the topic and data to be collected for the purpose of analysis. 2. Secondary Sources: Annual company reports, Balance Sheets, Profit & Loss account are used to collect the data. . 5. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: ? The study is mainly based on the secondary data provided by the bank. As such it is subject to the limitations of the secondary data. ? The study is based only on NPAs with respect to loans. ? The study is based on the data given by the officials and reports of the bank. The confidentiality of some facts and figures is a limitation. ? The non-availability of relevant information is one of the limitations. ? The study is done only for the limited past 3 years. 3. THEORITICAL OVERVIEW NPA ITS IMPACT AND MAGNITUDE: MEANING OF NPA:An asset is classified as non- performing asset (NPA) if dues in the form of principal and interest are not paid by the borrower for a period of 180 days. How ever with effect from March 2004, default status woul d be given to a borrower if dues are not paid for 90 days. If any advance or credit facilities granted by bank to a borrower becomes non-performing, then the bank will have to treat all the advances / credit facilities granted to that borrower as non-performing without having any regard to the fact that there may still exit certain advances / credit facilities having performing status.A ‘non-performing asset’ (NPA) was defined as a credit facility in respect of which the interest and / or installment of installment of principal has remained ‘Past Due’ for a specified period of time. An amount due under any credit facility is treated as â€Å"past due† when it has not been paid within 30 days from the due date. Due to the improvement in the payment and settlement systems, recovery climate, up gradation of technology in the banking system, etc. , it was decided to dispense with ‘past due' concept, with effect from March 31, 2001. Accordingly, as from that date, a Non performing asset (NPA) shell be an advance where i.Interest and /or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of a Term Loan, ii. The account remains ‘out of order' for a period of more than 180 days, in respect of an overdraft/ cash Credit(OD/CC), iii. The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted, iv. Interest and/ or installment of principal remains overdue for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an advance granted for agricultural purpose, and v.Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of other accounts. ’90 days’ overdue norm’ With a view to moving towards international best practices and to ensure greater transparency, it has been decided to adopt the '90 days overdue' norm for identification of NPAs, form the year ending March 31, 2004 . Accordingly, with effect form March 31, 2004, a non-performing asset (NPA) shell be a loan or an advance where; i. Interest and /or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a Term Loan, i. The account remains ‘out of order' for a period of more than 90 days, in respect of an overdraft/ cash Credit(OD/CC), iii. The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted, iv. Interest and/ or installment of principal remains overdue for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an advance granted for agricultural purpose, and v. Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of other accounts.As a facilitating measure for smooth transition to 90 days norm, bank has been advised to move over to charging of interest at monthly rests, by April 1, 2002. However, the date of classification of an advance as NPA sho uld not be changed on account of charging of interest at monthly rests. Banks should, therefore, continue to classify an account as NPA only if the interest charged during any quarter is not serviced fully with 180 days from the end of the quarter with effect from April 1, 2002 and 90 days from the end of the quarter with effect from March 31, 2004. Out of Order’ Status An account should be treated as ‘Out of Order’ if the outstanding balance remains continuously in excess of the sanctioned limit / drawing power. In cases where the outstanding balance in the principal operating account is less than the sanctioned limit / drawing power, but there are no credits continuously for 180 days (to be reduced to 90 days, with effect from March 31, 2004) as on the date of Balance Sheet or credits are not enough to cover the interest debited the same period, these accounts should be treated as ‘out of order’. ‘Overdue’Any amount due to the bank und er any credit facility is ‘overdue’ if it is not paid on the due date fixed by the bank. Asset Type Percentage of Provision Sub standard (age up to 18 months)10% Doubtful 1 (age up to 2. 5 years)20% Doubtful 2 (age 4. 5 years)30% Doubtful 3 (age above 4. 5 years)50% Loss Asset100% INCOME RECOGNITION-POLICY: The policy of income recognition has to be objective and based on the record of recovery. Internationally income from non-performing assets (NPA) is not recognized on accrual basis but is booked as income only when it is actually received.Therefore, the banks should not charge and take to income account interest on any NPA. However, interest on advances against term deposits, NSCs, VIPs, KVPs, and Life policies may be taken to income account on the due date, provided adequate margin is available in the accounts. Fees and commissions earned by the banks as a result of re-negotiations or rescheduling of outstanding debts should be recognized on an accrual basis over th e period of time covered by the re-negotiated or rescheduled xtension of credit. If Government guaranteed advances become NPA, the interest on such advances should not to be taken to income account unless the interest has been realized. REVERSAL OF INCOME: If any advance, including bills purchased and discounted, becomes NPA as at the close of any year, interest accrued and credited to income account in the corresponding previous year, should be reversed or provided for if the same is not realized. This will apply to Government guaranteed accounts also.In respect of NPAs, fees, commission and similar income that have accrued should cease to accrue in the current period and should be reversed or provided for with respect to past periods, if uncollected. THE CONCEPT OF GROSS NPA: Income recognition is not possible once an account becomes NPA. Interest accrued on non performing loan accounts is debited to the respective account and credited to the interest suspense account instead of t he profit and loss account. Usually no debits are permitted in non performing asset expect unavoidable expenditure like litigation expenses, insurance etc.Hence the balance outstanding in an NPA account includes: 1. Balance as on date of becoming an NPA. 2. Interest accrued but not realized. On balance sheet date banks make provisions for loan losses. This provision is calculated not on the balance outstanding but on the net balance, balance net of the amount kept in the interest suspense account. This book balance of the net of the interest suspense account is known as Gross NPA. But in cases where guarantee claim is received from credit guarantee corporations like ECGC, before making the provision for loan losses, such claim received is also netted from the gross NPA.The terminology net NPA indicates the balance in interest suspense account. For evaluation RBI and other rating agencies rely on purpose usually the net NPA balance. Thus Gross NPA means, balance outstanding minus bal ance in interest suspense account. Net NPA means: Gross NPA minus balance claim received amount and provision outstanding in that account. IMPACT OF NPA: At the Macro level, NPAs have chocked off the supply line of Credit of the potential lenders thereby having a deleterious effect on capital formation and arresting the economic activity in the country.At the Micro level, unsustainable level of NPAs has eroded current profits of banks and FIs. They have led to reduction of interest income and increase in provisions and have restricted and recycling of funds leading to various Asset Liability mismatches. Besides this, it has led to erosion in their capital base and reduction in competitiveness. The problem of NPA is not a matter of concern to banks and FIs alone. It is the matter of grave concern to the country and any bottleneck in the smooth flow of credit is bound to create adverse repercussions in the economy.The mounting menace of NPAs has raised the cost of credit, made Indian business man uncompetitive as compared to their counterparts in other countries. It has made banks more adverse to risks and squeezed genuine Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) from accessing competitive credit and has throttled their enterprising spirits as well, to a great extent. Due to their crippling effect on the operation of the banks, Asset quality has been considered as one of the most important parameters in the measurement of bank’s performance under the CAMELS Supervisory Rating System of RBI. THE MAGNITUDE:Non-Performing Asset (NPA) has emerged since over a decade as an alarming threat to the banking industry in our country sending distressing signals on the sustainability and endurability of the affected banks. The positive results of the chain of measures affected under banking reforms by the Government of India and RBI in terms of the two Narasimhan Committee Reports in this surging threat. Despite various correctional steps administered to solve and end this problem, concrete results are eluding. It is a sweeping and all pervasive virus confronted universally on banking and financial institutions.The severity of the problem is however acutely suffered by Nationalized Banks, followed by the SBI group, and the all India Financial Institutions. As at 31. 03. 2004 the aggregate gross NPA of all scheduled commercial banks amounted to Rs. 63883 crore. Table No. 1 gives the figures of net NPA for the last three years. The ratio of net non-performing assets to net advances also declined during 2005-06. Majority of the banks, this ratio is less than 4 percent. Punjab and Sind Bank has the highest ratio with 9. 62 percent followed by Dena Bank of India with 9. 4 percent. 4 banks reported â€Å"nil† ratio during 2005-2006.Further it is revealed that commercial banks in general suffer a tendency to understate their NPA figures. There is the practice of ‘ever-greening’ of advances, through subtle techniques. As per report appear ing in a national daily the banking industry has under – estimated its non-performing assets (NPAs) by whopping Rs. 3862. 10 Crore as on March 1997. The industry is also estimated to have under-provided to the extent of Rs. 1,412. 29 Crore. The worst offender is the public sector banking industry. Nineteen nationalized banks have underestimated their NPAs by Rs. 3,029. 29 Crore.Such deception of NPA statistics is executed through the following ways. ? Failure to identity an NPA as per stipulated guidelines: There were instances of ‘sub-standard’ assets being classified as ‘standard’. ? Wrong classification of an NPA: Classifying a ‘loss’ asset as a ‘doubtful’ or ‘sub-standard’ asset, classifying a ‘doubtful’ asset as a ‘sub-standard’ asset. ? Classifying an account of a credit customer as ‘substandard’ and other accounts of the same credit customer as ‘standardâ€℠¢, throwing prudential norms to the winds. REASONS FOR NPAs: In Priority Sector Advances: 1.Directed and pre-approved natures of loans sanctioned under sponsored programmes. 2. Mis-utilization of loans and subsidies. 3. Diversion of funds. 4. Absence of security. 5. Lack of effective follow-up (Post sanction supervision and control) 6. Absence of Bankruptcy and fore-closure loans. 7. Decrepit legal system. 8. Cost in-effective legal recovery measures. 9. Difficulty in execution of Decrees obtained. In Non-Priority Sector Advances: 1. Inadequate credit appraisal. 2. Demand recession. 3. Industrial sickness and labor problems. 4. Slow Legal system. 5. Diversion of funds. 6.Willful default. 7. Technology Obsolescence. 8. Managerial inefficiency. 9. Political compulsion and corruption. WRITING OFF NPAs: In terms of section 43(D) of the Income Tax Act 1961, income by way of interest in relation to such categories of bad and doubtful debts as may be prescribed having regard to the guideli nes issued by the RBI in relation to such debts, shall be chargeable to tax in the previous year in which it is credited to the bank’s profit and loss account or received, whichever earlier. This stipulation is not applicable to provisioning required to be made as indicated above.In other words, amounts set aside for aside for making provision for NPAs as above are not eligible for tax deductions. Therefore the banks should either make full provision as per the guidelines or write-off such advances and claim such tax benefits as are applicable, by evolving appropriate methodology in consultation with their auditors / tax consultants. Recoveries made in such accounts should be offered for tax purposes as per the rules. WRITE-OFF AT HEAD OFFICE LEVEL: Banks may write-off advances at Head Office Level, even though the relative advances are still outstanding in the branch books.However, it is necessary that provision is made as per the classification accorded to the respective ac counts. In other words, if an advance is a loss asset, 100 percent provision will have to be made there for. DEBT RECOVERY TRIBUNAL: Any person aggrieved by any measure taken by secured creditor or his authorized officer may file an appeal to Debts Recovery Tribunal, within 45days from date on which such measure was taken. That is action of taking possession of asset, takeover of management of business of borrower, appointing person to manage secured asset etc. is taken by the creditor.When a borrower files an appeal, the appeal cannot be entertained unless, the borrower deposits 75% of the amount claimed in the notice by secured creditor. The DRT can waive or reduce the amount required to be deposited. The amount is not required to be deposited at the time of filing appeal, but appeal will not heard till the amount is deposited. The borrower while filing the appeal should also file an application requesting the Debt Recovery Tribunal to admit the appeal without deposit of any amoun t. If the DRT orders partial deposit of the amount and the same is not deposited, appeal can be dismissed.The 75% deposit is only required if the appeal is filed by the borrower. If some other aggrieved person (e. g. guarantor, shareholder) files it the deposit is not required. If a person is aggrieved by the order of the DRT, it can file an appeal to the Appellate Tribunal within 30days from the date of receipt of the DRT order. If the DRT or Appellate Tribunal holds that possessions of assets by the secured creditor was wrongful and directs the secured creditor to return asset to concerned borrower, the borrower shall be entitled to compensation and costs as may be determined by DRT or Appellate Tribunal.SECURITIZATION ACT: With the enactment of the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act 2002, banks can issue notices to the defaulters to pay up the dues and the borrowers will have to clear their dues within 60days. Once the b orrower receives a notice from the concerned bank and the financial institution, the secured assets mentioned in the notice cannot be sold or transferred without the consent of the lenders.The main purpose of this notice is to inform the borrower that either the sum due to the bank or financial institution be paid by the borrower or else the former will take action by way of taking over the possession of assets. Besides assets, bank can also takeover the management of the company. Thus the bankers under the aforementioned Act will have the much needed authority to either sell the defaulting companies or charge their management. OVERALL BANKING AND NPA BANKING REFORMS IN INDIA: The Nationalization of the major commercial banks in the year 1969 and 1980 had brought radical changes in the banking system in India.It had brought about major shifts in the priorities in the banking operations. Branch expansion policies of banks were tuned upto meet the banking needs of the people in rural and semi urban centers. For accelerating the socio-economic and rural development process several Governments sponsored programs were launched and lending in the priority sector, irrational lending under socio political pressures, mounting levels of bad debts, branch expansion at non viable centers etc. gradually started affecting the financial health of the banking sector in the country.Commercial banks were not following uniform accounting policies camouflaged the true financial position of banks. Quality of loan asset was not a concern and a high proportion of loan assets started becoming non performing. Most of the banks were under capitalized and some of them even with negative worth. Thus there was a compelling need for a change and various policy corrections had to be taken with the view of strengthening the economy. Thus the Government of India was forced to initiate a process of reforming the financial sector which banks constitute a dominant part. The reforms process inclu des: 1. Introduction of prudential norms. . Transparency in balance sheets. 3. Deregulation of interest rates. 4. Partial deviation from directed lending. 5. Upgradation of technology. 6. Entry of new private sector banks. NARASIMHAM COMMITTEE: The first phase of banking sector reforms was initiated in the year 1992 in pursuance of recommendations of the committee on financial sector reforms headed by Narasimham Committee. As per the recommendations of Narasimham Committee, The Reserve Bank of India introduced in a phased manner, prudential norms for income recognition, asset classification, and provisioning in the year 1998 Narasimham Committee-II came out with more tringent norms for the industry. The prudential norms were revised from time to time to fall in line with the best accounting practices and for transparency in published accounts. It is widely recognized that as a result of these reforms, the Indian Banking System is becoming increasingly mature in terms of the transfor mation of business processes and the appetite for risk management. Deregulation, technological upgradation and increased market integration have been the key factors driving change in the financial sector. EMERGING BANKING TRENDS:During the current financial year, the focus of non-going reforms in the banking sector was on soft interest rates regime, increasing operational efficiency of banks, strengthening regulatory mechanisms and on technological up-gradation. As a step towards a softer interest rate regime, RBI in its Annual Policy Statement had advised banks to introduced flexible interest rate system for new deposits, announce a maximum spread over PLR for all advances other than consumer credit and to review the present maximum spread over PLR and reduce them wherever they are unreasonably high. A BRIEF HISTORY OF NPA:The concept of Asset Quality on the books of Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and Financial Institutions (FIs) came into being when Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introd uced prudential norms on the recommendations of the Narasimham Committee in the year 1992-1993. The Committee recommended that an asset may be treated as Non-Performing Asset (NPA), if interest or installment of principal remains overdue for a period exceeding 180days and that banks and FIs should not take into their income account, the interest accrued on such Non-Performing Assets, unless it is actually received or recovered.The Committee also recommended that Assets be classified into four categories namely Standard, Sub-standard, Doubtful and Loss Assets and that certain specified percentage of the same be held as provision there against. Before the reform process, banks were booking income on an accrual basis and their balance sheets did not reflect their true specified financial health. Thus the profit, capital and reserves were overstated by them. After 10years of NPA terror in the banking industry, â€Å"Now the Banks Have Teeth†, a new law lightens the burden of bad loans for Indian Banks.The law that has been the catalyst for the bad loan clean up passed India’s Parliament in November 2002. It allows lenders to more easily foreclose on debtors assets or even demand a change in management. Within weeks of the law’s passage, banks saw a flood of loans once deemed unrecoverable being repaid in double time. The Act is The Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (Also know as the Securitization Act). This Act enables the setting up of asset management companies for addressing the problems of non-performing assets of banks and FIs.INDIAN BANKING AND NPA: The origin of the problem of burgeoning NPAs lies in the quality of managing credit risk by the banks concerned. What is needed is having adequate preventive measures in place namely, fixing pre-sanctioning appraisal responsibility and having an effective post-disbursement supervision. Banks concerned should continuously moni tor loans to identity accounts that have potential to become non-performing. The core banking business is of mobilizing the deposits and utilizing it for lending to industry.Lending business is generally encouraged because it has the effect of funds being transferred from the system to productive purposes which results into economic growth. However lending also carries credit risk, which arises from the failure of borrower to fulfill its contractual obligations either during the course of a transaction or on a future obligation. The history of financial institutions also reveals the fact that the biggest banking failures were due to credit risk. Due to this, banks are restricting their lending operations to secured avenues only with adequate collateral on which to fall back upon in a situation of default.GLOBAL NPA: The core banking is of mobilizing the deposits and utilizing it for lending to industry. Lending business is generally encouraged because it has the effect of funds bein g transferred from the system to productive purposes which results into economic growth. However lending also carries credit risk, which arises from the failure of borrower to fulfill its contractual obligations either during the course of a transaction or on a future obligation. A question that arises is how much risk can a bank afford to take? Recent happenings in the business world – Enron, WorldCom, Xerox, Global Crossing do not give much confidence to banks.In case after case, these giant corporates became bankrupt and failed to provide investors with clearer and more complete information thereby introducing a degree of risk that many investors could neither anticipate nor welcome. The history of financial institutions also reveals the fact that the biggest banking failures were due to credit risk. Due to this, banks are restricting their lending operations to secured avenues only with adequate collateral on which to fall back upon in a situation of default. It needs to be recognized that prudential norms in respect of loan classification vary widely across countries.A country follows varied approaches, from the subjective to the prescriptive. Illustratively, in the United Kingdom, supervisors do not require banks to adopt any particular form of loan classification and either is there any recommendation on the number of classification categories that banks should employ. Other countries, such as, the United States follow a more prescriptive approach, wherein loans are classified into several categories based on a set of criteria ranging from payment experience to the environment in which the debtor evolves.The adoption of such a system points to the usefulness of a structured approach those facilities the supervisor’s ability to analyze and compare banks loan portfolios. India is a better bet than China for investors to pump money into non-performing assets (NPAs) restructuring as it has better environment for recovery, according to consulti ng firm Price water House Coopers (PwC). WARNING: STANDARD & POOR: Standard & Poor’s and The Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd. , (CRISIL) estimate that India’s schedule commercial banks require between US$11billion-US$13billion in new capital to support losses embedded in impaired assets.The significant capital shortfall estimated recognizes the existing moderate reported capital position of Indian banks, the inadequate loan loss reserves maintained by the banks to absorb likely losses. The weak capital position of the Indian banking system is largely a reflection of growing asset-quality problems stemming from weak underwriting and credit management system, and the vulnerabilities of the Indian banking sector to the impact of globalization on the country’s key industry sectors. The asset-quality position also has suffered from regulations with respect to lending to priority sectors. The capital shortfall calculated assumes a significantly higher system non-performing loan level to that reported under Indian regulatory standards,† said Peter Sikora, associate director, Financial Services Rating, Standard & Poor’s, together with CRISIL are, however, of the view that non performing loan levels for Indian banks will be significantly higher at 20%-25% if more conservative classification standards are adopted and restructured, and ever greened loans are included as impaired assets. LENDING BEHAVIOUR OF BANKS:Due to the excess liquidity in the banking system, banks are now giving credit to even non-priority sectors in an aggressive manner. Now banks give credit more to unproductive purposes, like car loans, housing loans, consumer durables loans and personal loans. This reckless lending paves the way to repayment irregularities and more of NPA in the banking system. But on the others side economy has become buoyant and the borrowers are now in a position to repay the loans even if it is an unproductive loan.Banks have improved their credit appraisal system. NPA percentage in City Bank’s Car Loan Portfolio is zero, because of the sophisticated credit appraisal system followed by the bank. Banks now give priority to ‘businesses’ and lending schemes also follow the path. CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS: CATEGORIES OF NPAs: Banks are required to classify non-performing assets further into the following three categories based on the period for which the asset has remained non-performing and the realisability of the dues: a) Sub-Standard Assets. ) Doubtful Assets. c) Loss Assets. SUB-STANDARD ASSETS: A sub-standard asset was one, which was classified as NPA for a period not exceeding two years. With effect from 31March 2001, a sub-standard asset is one, which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 18 months. In such cases, the current net worth of the borrower / guarantor or the current market value of the security charged is not enough is not enough recovery of the dues to t he banks in full.In other words, such an asset will have well defined credit weakness that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the banks will sustain some loss, if deficiencies are not corrected. With effect from 31March 2005, a sub-standard asset would be one, which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months. DOUBTFUL ASSETS: A doubtful asset was one, which remained NPA for a period exceeding two years. With effect from 31March 2001, as asset is to be classified as doubtful, if it has remained NPA for a period exceeding 18 months.A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in assets that were classified as sub-standard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, – on the basis of currently know facts, conditions and values – highly questionable and improbable. With effect from 31March, 2005, an asset to be classified as doubtful if it remained in the sub-standard category for 12 months. LOSS ASSETS: A loss asset is one where loss has been identified by the bank or internal or external auditors or the RBI inspection but the amount has not been written off wholly.In other words, such an asset is considered uncollectible and of such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted although there may be some salvage or recovery value. It should be noted that the above classification is only for the purpose of computing the amount of provision that should be made with respect to bank advances and certainly not for the presentation of advances in the bank balance sheet. The Third Schedule to the Banking Regulation Act 1949, solely governs presentation of advances in the balance sheet.Banks have started issuing notices under The Securitization Act,2002 directing the defaulter to either pay back the dues to the bank or else give the possession of the secured assets mentioned in the notice. Ho wever, there is a potential threat to recovery if there is substantial erosion in the value of security given by the borrower or if borrower has committed fraud. Under such a situation it will be prudent to directly classify the advances as a doubtful or loss asset, as appropriate. RBI GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS:Broadly speaking, classification of assets into above categories should be done taking into account the degree of well-defined credit weaknesses and the extent of dependence on collateral security for realization of dues. Banks should establish appropriate internal systems to eliminate the tendency to delay or postpone the identification of NPAs, especially in respect of high value accounts. The banks may fix a minimum cut off point to decide what would constitute a high value account depending upon their respective business levels.The cut off point should be valid for the entire accounting year. Responsibility and validation levels for ensuring proper asset cla ssification may be fixed by the banks. The system should ensure that doubts in asset classification due to any reason are settled through specified internal channels within one month from the date on which the account would have been classified as NPA as per extent guidelines. UPGRADATION OF LOAN ACCOUNTS CLASSIFIED AS NPAs:If arrears of interest and principal are paid by the borrower in the case of loan accounts classified as NPAs, the account should no longer be treated as non-performing and may be classified as ‘standard’ accounts. Asset Classification to be borrower-wise and not facility-wise: i. It is difficult to envisage a situation when only one facility to borrower becomes a problem credit and not others. Therefore, all the facilities granted by a bank to a borrower will have to be treated as NPAs and not the particular facility or part thereof which has become irregular. ii.If the debts arising out of development of letter of credit or invoked guarantees are p arked in a separate account, the balance outstanding in that account for should be treated as a part of the borrower’s principal operating account for the purpose of application of prudential norms on income recognition, asset classification and provisioning. Accounts where there is erosion in the value of Security: i. A NPA need not go through the various stages of classification in cases of serious credit impairment and such assets should be straightaway classified as doubtful or loss asset as appropriate.Erosion in the value of security can be reckoned as significant when the realizable value of the security is less than 50 percent of the value assessed by the bank or accepted by RBI at the time of last inspection, as the case may be. Such NPAs may be straightaway classified under doubtful category and provisioning should be made as applicable to doubtful assets. ii. If the realizable value of the security, as assessed by the bank / approved valuers / RBI is less than 10 p ercent of the outstanding in the borrowal accounts, the existence of security should be ignored and the asset should be straight away classified as loss asset.It may be either written off or fully provided for by the bank. RESTRCTURING / RESCHEDULING OF LOANS: A standard asset where the terms of the loan agreement regarding interest and principal have been renegotiated or rescheduled after commencement of production should be classified as sub-standard and should remain in such category for at least one year of satisfactory performance under the renegotiated or rescheduled terms.In the case of sub-standard and doubtful assets also, rescheduling does not entitle a bank to upgrade the quality of advance automatically unless there is satisfactory performance under the rescheduled / renegotiated terms. Following representations from banks that the foregoing stipulations deter the banks from restructuring of standard and sub-standard loan assets were reviewed in March 2001. In the contex t of restructuring of the accounts, the following stages at which the restructuring / rescheduling / renegotiation of the terms of loan agreement could take place can be identified: a) Before commencement of commercial production. ) After commencement of commercial production but before the asset has been classified as sub-standard. c) After commencement of commercial production and after the asset has been classified as sub-standard. PROVISIONING REQUIREMENTS: As and when an asset is classified as an NPA, the bank has to further sub-classify it into sub-standard, loss and doubtful assets. Based on this classification, bank makes the necessary provision against these assets. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued guidelines on provisioning requirements of bank advances where the recovery is doubtful.Banks are also required to comply with such guidelines in making adequate provision to the satisfaction of its auditors before declaring any dividends on its shares. In case of loss asse ts, guidelines specifically require that full provision for the amount outstanding should be made by the concerned bank. This is justified on the grounds that such an asset is considered uncollectible and cannot be classified as bankable asset. Asset TypePercentage of Provision Sub-Standard (age upto 18 months) 10% Doubtful 1 (age upto 2. 5years) 20% Doubtful 2 (age 4-5years) 30%Doubtful 3 (age above 4-5years) 50% Loss Asset 100% THE NPA PROBLEM: The origin of the problem of burgeoning NPAs lies in the quality of managing credit risk by the banks concerned. What is needed is having adequate preventive measures in place namely, fixing pre-sanctioning appraisal responsibility and having an effective post-disbursement supervision. Banks concerned should continuously monitor loans to identify accounts that have potential to become non-performing. The performance in terms of profitability is a benchmark for any business enterprise including the banking industry.However, increasing NPAs h ave a direct impact on banks profitability as legally banks are not allowed to book income on such accounts and at the same time banks are forced t make provision on such assets as per the RBI guidelines. Also, with increasing deposits made by the public in the banking system, the banking industry cannot afford defaults by borrowers since NPAs affects the repayment capacity of banks. Further, RBI successfully creates excess liquidity in the system through various rate cuts and banks fail to utilize this benefit to its advantage due to the fear of burgeoning non performing assets.CREDIT APPRAISAL SYSTEM: Prevention of standard assets from migrating to non performing status is most important in NPA management. This depends on the style of Credit Management Mechanism available in banks. The quality of credit appraisal and the effectiveness of post credit appraisal and effectiveness of post credit follow up influences the asset quality of the banks in a big way. At Pre-Credit Stage: 1. Extensive enquiry about the character and the credit worthiness of the borrower. 2. Viability of the project to be financed is meticulously studied. 3. Adequate coverage of collateral is ensured to the extent possible. . Financial statement of the borrower is obtained and poor analysis of their financial strength is done. 5. Apart from the published financial statements independent enquires are made with previous bankers. 6. Pre-Credit inspection of the assets to finance is made. At Post-Credit Stage: 1. Operations in the account are closely monitored. 2. Unit visit is done at irregular intervals. 3. Asset verification is done on a regular basis. 4. Borrowers submit control returns regularly. 5. Accounts are periodically to evaluate the financial health of the unit. 6. Early warning signals are properly attended to. . Close contract with the borrower is maintained. 8. Potential NPAs are kept under special watch list. 9. Potentially viable units are restructured. 10. Repayment progra m of accounts with temporary cash flow problem is re