Til Death do us Part Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Til Death do us Part - Essay Example This couple has a healthy and happy marriage. It has not been without conflict, but it is still a successful relationship. According to the model, Martha and Robert have gone through various stages in their relationship. Due to the time period, they probably rushed through these stages much faster than they normally would have. Marriage normally takes place during the bonding stage, which is the final stage. However, Robert was sent away during their first year of marriage. This distance caused them to have to revisit some of the earlier stages. They stayed connected through letters, which allowed them to intensify their relationship. When Robert returned, it was difficult at first. They had to learn how to live together again. The births of their two children so closely together did not allow them to spend much time together. That postponed the integrating stage until their children were grown. It was then that they began spending more time together again. Finally, when Robert retired they were able to enter the bonding stage. Although this was also difficult at first, they found a way to make it work. That they can finish each other's thoughts, and can not imagine life without the other shows that they are truly in a successful relationship. Rudy and Bill's marriage also started out quickly. They were married after only a few meetings, and Bill was sent overseas soon after their marriage began. They probably never left the experimenting stage. It is during this stage that couples find out if they should stay together or not. Had they given this more time they probably would have decided to end the relationship. When Bill returned he was a stranger to both Rudy and their son. Rather than going through the development stages again as Robert and Martha did, they seemed to move to the termination stages. Both seemed to think in terms of "me" rather than "we." This is demonstrated when Bill said he wanted things done "his way" not hers. Rudy was unhappy and wished she could stay with her parents. Bill also began spending more time with his friends and going out after work, without Rudy. These are signs that they were differentiating. The next stage is circumscribing, when communication between the couple diminishes. Certain topics are avoided, for example, Bill's dance partners. Bill and Rudy, though living together, lived very separate lives. Rudy's was home with her children, while Bill's was out with his friends. Eventually they even moved into separate rooms in the house. This is representative of the avoiding stage. The final stage would be termination, but this relationship never reached this stage. Rudy believed that divorce was never an option, and her unhappiness not important. Bill does not seem to see a problem with their relationship. One theory that relates to this case study is Mary Anne Fitzpatrick's Marital Communication Theory. According to this theory, there are three types of couples in a marriage, the traditional type, independents, and separates. Couples can move among these types, but their communication styles will be reflected in their type of relationship. Robert and Martha seem to be traditional in their roles. They share a lot, and each person's role in the relationship is defined clearly. Rudy and Bill, on the other hand, are separates. They do not spend much time together, and live separate lives, even though they are still married. This is reflected in how they communicate. Neither seems to hear what the other is

American Law Enforcement - Ethical Dillemma Essay

American Law Enforcement - Ethical Dillemma - Essay Example Police ranks often pull together to support their own and when that does not work, the community will justify their actions by not holding them responsible for the outcomes of bad decision making. The ethics within the police rank appears to be teleological, supporting the concept of the means justifying the ends, despite all Constitutional efforts to dissuade this type of thinking. In a world that is becoming ever increasingly violent the service that is entered into by the police should reflect a higher standard of responsibility instead of a shield that protects them from the outcomes of their poor decision making processes. Incidents Death and Justification In the year 2000 Shannon Smith, a mentally disabled man of 27 who often forgot to pay for the gas he would pump into his Cadillac. The $15 dollars in gas was not the first that he had forgotten to pay, but he would remember and go back, or his father would take care of the bill for him when called. On this particular occasion, however, the clerk called the police and a slow pace pursuit began chasing the mentally disabled man across jurisdictions. ... Gabor was later charged with his murder (Reynolds, 2001). Despite evidence that Gabor had used his nightstick to pound on the car window and to kick at the car, he was acquitted of the charges. Smith’s family received $675,000 in a wrongful death settlement against Gabor from the police department who settled on Gabor’s behalf (Reynolds, 2002). On August 31st of this year Michael Vincent Allen was shot 41 times after a high speed chase that included a bashed in front end to a police vehicle. Police contend that at the end of a cul de sac Allen tried to make a u-turn which ended in the damage to the front of the police car, but witnesses contradicted that version and stated that it was the police car that rammed into Allen’s vehicle. The officer’s name, that has yet to be released, stood with his fellow officers and fired 41 times at the suspect while the other officers did not fire off a single shot (Peterson, 2012). The initial police reports supported th e officer through police accounts, but a wider investigation showed that he was aggressive and that he was the only one shooting is suspicious. Officer Mathew Jacob Marin, who has been a police officer for five years, shot and killed a man with only one arm and one leg in a wheelchair when he was cornered by the man who was waving around a metal object which turned out to be a pen. Marin was involved in a previous shooting death during his career when in 2009 he shot a suspect who was stabbing his neighbor and refused to drop the knife when confronted. In the same year, a poll taken by the Chicago Tribune found that 59% of police officers never fire their gun during their career. While the first incident seems justifiable for Marin,

Analysis of Personality Type Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Personality Type Essay My overall personality has it strengths and weaknesses. I believe we all have our downfalls. I’ve been told I’m really outgoing, Goofy, loving, funny, kind-hearted, intelligent, but also very helpful. I’ve also been described as quiet, and very shy. This can be good and bad in a number of ways for a number of reasons. Put all of this along with my vark type, and SDS report and you have one interesting person. When it comes to being outgoing there is a time and a place. It’s okay to be outgoing but not in certain settings like in a classroom in the middle of a lecture where everyone should be quiet, yet attentive. As far as being goofy all the time, gives me the opportunity to uplift others in ways that I never thought was possible. Simply speaking to someone and making them laugh can change a person day drastically; well that’s what my friends always say. They could go from having an okay day to a great day from a simple hello, a smile, and a little joke from time to time. I’ve been told laughter is the key to life and we’d all be bitter without it so I try to keep people around me laughing. Being funny comes natural and I’ve been told I have that â€Å"natural touch.† Making someone laugh can brighten any dull moment and change someone’s day just as well as speaking to them. I love to laugh and I also try to keep people laughing because it’s just something I enjoy doing. At times I don’t even try to be funny and I still accomplished this goal without even trying. I can be very kind-hearted when I choose to. For example I have a love for helping people so I am extremely kind when it comes to someone wanting my help. It makes me feel like I have done like a good deed. . I’ll pretty much help with anything as long as it doesn’t harm me or them in any way. I’m also very intelligent. I can talk and educate someone who is unfamiliar with just about any subject, including, mathematics, and even English. These are just a few of my strengths which bring out good and bad characteristics of my personality. As far as putting all of this with my VARK, and SDS reports I think I am one interesting person. In the VARK report I am more of a kinesthetic and then a visual learner. In some cases that could be a good thing and a bad thing. The good thing about that is I can thing is when I give presentations; I can really make it come alive. Instead of just writing all of these boring words down I would put a lot of pictures and colors on there, and bring it together in a way where it catches your eye to make you want to pay attention. But, in some cases it could be bad because what if my boss doesn’t like the whole picture idea because he or she is a different type of learner. Well our personalities could clash. When it comes to the SDS report I am an ECS which means I am enterprising, conventional and very social. Enterprising means that I am a type of person that likes to persuade or direct others, very adventurous, agreeable, and ambitious. Conventional means that I am follow orderly routines and meet clear standards, and I am also very careful and efficient obedient, and orderly. Last but not lease I am very social, meaning I like to help, teach, counsel people, very friendly, cooperative generous and reasonable. I have a few distractions and weaknesses when it comes to my personality but I plan to work on them on a daily basis. As of now, my strengths out way my weaknesses so I don’t have much to worry about. I’ll focus mainly on my strengths but also put a certain amount of effort towards improving my weaknesses. Career Profile Out of the entire career I have looked at, I think I would like to go in to the business field. Not just any business, CEO, or an entrepreneur type thing. Knowing that I like to cook I will incorporate that into my career choice too. A CEO (Chief Executive officer) is a title of a person who holds the highest position in a company. A CEO is very individualized depending upon the size of the company, and of course they have to have the right education. To be a CEO you have to have a MBA, which requires a 4 year undergraduate degree, and some of a graduate studies as well. If I where to go to grade school at Michigan State it would cost about 39,896 for an out of state student. I would have to have a GPA requirement of 3.4-3.8, and it takes about 4 years to finish. Because I live in Texas I would have to relocate myself to Michigan. To get into grad school you have to take the GMAT. The GMAT test doesn’t test you on knowledge in business or other subjects, it is a mental intelligence tester, and to see how well you can make a decision under pressure. Most grad schools look at your college grades and GPA, but they really pay attention to your GMAT. It is really important. Next is an entrepreneur. An entrepreneur is a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking assuming the risk for the sake of profit. Also they see opportunity, and take it to build a plan. Start his or her business to manage and receive profit. Be an entrepreneur it is a good idea to take the same route as a CEO, that way your education is much higher than some of the other business owners, and might be more successful. Last but not least is my love for cooking. I really want to go into that field as well mostly the business side of it any way. To go into any of owning any type of food industry, it is only fair that you go to culinary school, so that you know how to cook for one, and how to run your own food business. If I where to go to a culinary school I would pick La Cordon Bleu. For one they teach you all the culinary techniques you need to know, and they also teach you how to run and work in the food industry. To attend La Cordon Bleu Its cost about $37,500 to get a BA in Culinary Arts and Baking $ Pastry, and its takes about 14 months or a year and 2 months to get your degree. If you put all three of these together you have some one that is an CEO of a Food company or a restaurant chain, and someone who can not only run a business but cook in it too. To enter my field of choice I am looking at about $80,000 and that’s just education alone. If I add the relocation and housing and food added on with the education, that is about $100,000. Once I start working that is a different story. A CEO starts out at about $366,551, and at the most could make up to $1,117,442. On average a CEO makes about $704,731. A CEO works about 50 to 60 hours a week. Its looks like I am going to be very busy. A chef starts off a 45,000 a year and could make up to $96,000, and on average they make about 75,000 a year. A chef works about 35-45 hours a week, and if you are a CEO or the owner of that particular restaurant I probably would be working twice those hours. I’m looking at a very time consuming life. In some field there is a little, or a big thing called benefits. If you are a CEO you get GREAT benefits. I’m talking insurance for everything, dental, eye doctor, regular doctor, and anything else you can get covered in they basically covered. When you are a CEO of anything there is a 70% travel rate, so you will always be on the go to a new place. An average workday is about 12-16 hours. Also to be a CEO you have to know staff development and leadership methods, because it is a requirement. To be a chef you have some benefits, but if you are a chef and a CEO it really doesn’t matter what your benefits are for being a chef, because you are pretty much covered in CEO part. The chef travel rate is about 20-40% and your work about 4 day a week and about 8-10 hours a day. Some requirement to be a chef you have to have Pastry and cooking styles and techniques, and some baking methods. Also you have to be physically fit and have to know how to work in 3-4 star restaurants. Being in this fields or fields, it is going to require a lot of work and time from me, but I know if I just stay focus and stay on top of my game, I can do it. And if I see that I might fall, well there is always a choice of having a helping hand, maybe like a partnership on the business side just to take some of the load off of my shoulders. Entering this field I know I want to make sure that this is really what I want to do. So I asked 2 people if they would like to share some of their tips on how they made it through school, and how long did it take them to get there. Now I really wasn’t able to interview strangers, so I interviewed some people that I already knew. The first person was my business professor, Dr. McNeil. He has the highest degree in business, but he isn’t the CEO of anything, but he did tell me how to survive in business school. What I learned from him is that you have to go into school know that there are a lot of people that you are competing against. There are people from all over the world that are trying to make it in the business industry, but you can’t let that knock you down. He told me when he was in business school it was very hard to get interviews, because it was always that one person that was better than him. But he said that didn’t stop him. He just knew that he had to work harder and smarter. When he went to Career fairs and tried to look for jobs, he didn’t just give his resume out nor just give his business card out. He sold himself and his personality to the other business owners and CEOs to get jobs and internship for more education in his field. Once he changed how he approached the people and how he talked to the people, he saw that more and more people where asking him to work for their companies. The other person I interviewed was my Culinary Teacher form high school, Mr. Chef Brown. He is indeed in the restaurant business, and I thought he would be the perfect person to tell me how to get there. He is a teacher and has a catering business on the side. My culinary teacher was right where I was in some years ago, in college and not sure what he wanted to do. He decided to go to culinary school, because he liked food. At first he wasn’t thinking about owning his own restaurant. He was there because he knew he was going to get to eat what he cooked. Talk about going in with the wrong state of mind. Once he was a year into his culinary college he noticed that he was learning way more than he expected to like learning all types of styles of cooking methods, and learning how to run and own his own business. That was an eye opener for him. It gave him an idea on what he wanted to do when he got out of school. What I got from his interview was when you going to choose your career, don’t just go in there because you like what they do. Go in there knowing what you are going to get out of and it and knowing what you are going to do when you are done. He points was also similar to my business professor, there is always going to be someone better than you. So work hard and smart, but mostly work smarter, and when you going to school know what you want to get out of it. Reverse Goal Setting When you are trying to get something accomplished you have to have a plan, or certain goals you want to meet. To be an CEO, get into entrepreneurship, or chef I have to have a plan, and I have to start now. Starting with my far far way plan, and that is to own my own business and be successful. To own my own business I have to go to business school, and because of the type of business I want to own, I have to go to culinary school. Which leads me to my next goal, the far away goal, and that is going to La Cordon bleu for the study of Culinary Arts and Baking a Pastry. My next goal is the one that is in distance, and that is going to grad school. It’s going to take some hard work to get there. But, to get there I have to work on my goal that is down there street which is finishing college. Some people don’t even make it through their freshman year of college. But I am going to make it my goal to get through my freshman year, and not just make through, I want to finish off with a 3.5 GPA. The only way I will be able to reach these goals is I have to make them believable to myself. Starting with my on the couch goal, finishing my freshman year with a 3.5 GPA. To make it realistic I really want to shoot for a 4.0 GPA but I know that isn’t possible coming from a 2.8 GPA, but I will still keep it in the back of my head for motivation, because I desire to get a 4.0. Now knowing that this is where I want to be, I am going to have to come up with a plan to get to my on the couch goal, and be able to make it to my far far away goal. I have to make it come to reality. This semester I want to finish my freshman year off with a bang, by bring my 2.8 up to a 3.5. I know I have to always go to class, study, and try to pass test and quizzes, and just really put effort in to all 7 classes that I have all this semester. I will need books, a computer, and a bible to help me get through this, because I know it will be a tough thing to do. If I put my mind to it I know I can do it. I don’t really think I would need money; it’s all about putting forth some effort. My rewards would be that I would become eligible to look for internships to help me get some practice in my field that I want to go into. I also can apply for scholarships to help pay for the rest of my way in college. If I start now, and start studying every night form 9-11pm and make sure that I get enough rest. I will make to my on the couch goal and my far far away goal. References Ellis-Christensen, Tricia, and O. Wallace. What Is a CEO? WiseGeek. Conjecture. Web. 09 Mar. 2012. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-ceo.htm. Diploma, P. (2010). What kind of Degree Do You Need to Be a CEO? Retrieved from Phony Diploma : http://www.phonydiploma.com/what-kind-of-degree-do-you-need-to-be-a-ceo.aspx Oklahoma, T. U. (n.d.). The OU Price of College of Business. Retrieved Feb 24, 2012, from OU.EDU: http://www.ou.edu/content/price/mba/mba_fulltime.html School, C. B. (2011). GMAT (Graduate Mangament Admission Test) . Retrieved from GMATCAT.COM: http://www.gmatcat.com/GMAT.html SBA Direct. What Is an Entrepreneur? Web. 09 Mar. 2012. http://www.sba.gov/content/what-entrepreneur.

Reason Not Religion :: essays papers

Reason Not Religion Observations and inferneces from real life perceptions: My entire life I have been a Catholic and have attended Church regularly with my family, always believing in God and the stories and tales of the Bible as pure fact that happened long ago, and of Jesus being the savior, etc. Just this past month I attended a Presbyterian church service with my elderly grandmother in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The church was small to begin with, and only about one-third of the seats were filled. I would have to say that at least 95% of the people were all over 65, with very few young couples at all. My grandma made a comment on the lack of young people who attend the masses now, and she kept referring to the fact that recently less and less young couples and families ever attended church. At first I thought that this church would then seriously have to close its doors when the current majority of the parishioners died, but then I realized another aspect of human behavior and psychology. The characteristic that I see and hear so much about that many humans tend to possess and practice, is the fact that they become "closer to "god"" the older they get. Why is this? It is because of one of the same big reasons that we even have to have religion in the first place: fear about death and what happens to us afterwards. These people seem to be turning to the kind of thinking that inspired the dichotic idea of PASCAL^S WAGER. Even if these people were not very religious during their younger years, we can now see a trend of a large section of our country^s population starting to attend church more and more and become more "religious" as they grow older. What inspires this shift?--plain and simple, the fear of uncertainty. "QUESTIONING" ONES BELIEFS MUST GO BEYOND JUST WONDERING When I used to attend Church regularly their was a priest who was an extremely good speaker and extremely intelligent. Even though he was a Catholic priest, serving as the pastor of an extremely large church, he had the courage and brains to disagree with some of the rigid dogma setup and enforced by the Vatican. I remember one sermon he gave that has greatly influenced me since, and I am very happy I was fortunate enough to hear it. In this certain sermon he talked about his thoughts on it being good for teenagers and youth to question the existence of a God in their world. He talked at length about this

Television Quiz Show Scandals of the 1950s Essay -- TV Game Shows

An Examination of Television Quiz Show Scandals of the 1950s One of the greatest captivators of public interest in the 1950s was the emerging quiz game show on television. The public, naively trustful, fell in love with television game shows. People found them to be new, exciting, and similar to the captivating radio quiz shows so popular before television's advent. Some game shows were developed primarily for laughs, while others were played for prizes or large sums of money. These game shows were so popular that at their peak, twenty-two of them were concurrently on the air. They varied in format from the basic question and answer type to the naming of popular musical tunes. Public familiarity with the general structure of the quizzes, coupled with the strikingly high stakes, precipitated extreme interest in these shows, and led to the unbelievable popularity of successful returning contestants (Anderson, 9). Virtually everyone with a television set in their home tuned in weekly to their favorite game shows in the interest of seeing the cont estants, with whom they identified more and more as the weeks went by, succeed in the quiz games. The popularity of quiz games was staggering. In August of 1955 approximately 32 million television sets and 47,560,000 viewers, almost one third of the nation, tuned in to see The $64,000 Question (Anderson, 8). By 1958, no one was laughing anymore. Grabbing the attention of the public even more than the shows themselves were the scandals which emerged around them. The public's naive trust had evolved into suspicious cynicism because it had learned that many of the shows were rigged. As can be imagined, this caused great disgust among viewers. The supposed winners, for whom Americans had ro... ...rd University Press, 1994. "Remarks made during 'Quiz Show and the Future of Television'." Annenberg Washington Program. http://www.annenberg.nwu.edu/pubs/quiz/remarks.htm (3/11/97). "Quiz Show: Television Betrayals Past... and Present?" Annenberg Washington Program. http://www.annenberg.nwu.edu/pubs/quiz/quiz.htm (3/11/97). Stone, J. and T. Yohn. Prime Time and Misdemeanors: Investigating the 1950s TV Quiz Scandal -- A D.A.'s Account. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992. "Television in the 1950s." http://www.fiftiesweb.com/tv50.htm (3/11/97). "Quiz Shows of the 1950s." http://www.fiftiesweb.com/quizshow.htm (7/10/97 [added by PL]) "The Winning Answer." http://www.film.com/filma/reviews/quickrev.idc?REV=965 (3/11/97). Tuchman, Gaye. The TV Establishment: Programming for Power and Profit. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., l971.

British Judiciary

Does the composition of the Judiciary adequately represent British society today? The key purpose of this essay Is to explore and critically analyses the current composition of the British judiciary as it stands today. Using statistics, reports and articles this paper will attempt to illuminate the subject, and in turn, explain why the judiciary seems to be a force of older, white males, yet has an apparent absence of women and ethnic minorities amongst the higher positions of the courts system.To fully accomplish this objective there are a number of areas that this paper hopes to dress Insightfully and Informatively, the first of these being social perceptions of the Judiciary, and to explore If this has any Impact on Its makeup. Secondly, we will examine the education system before and after the 20th century. Here, we will look at changes, if any, that have been made to accommodate more of a diverse make up of judges. Lastly, we will look into discrimination, and if this plays any factor in the current Judiciary.Picture in your mind, a Judge in court. Almost everyone will have a similar Image; an older gentleman, most likely middle class In a flowing gown and a white wig upon his head. This stereotype seems to be almost Ingrained Into public consciousness, even to the point that the opening line on the governments judiciary diversity page reads: â€Å"A common description of a judicial office-holder is â€Å"pale and male† – a white man, probably educated at public school and Sobering. † [1] Is this a fair representation of British society today?A resounding â€Å"No† is the most likely answer. However, could It not also be a statement of the type of person applying to and climbing the ladders of the British legal system? One could argue that this reception almost immediately hinders people not of that typecast to even try to enter the legal field in fear of failure. Unfortunately, this is a much wider, and slightly off topic area that would need further study in order to obtain a veracious answer. When addressing education, we must look back, to history, in order to move forward.Prior to 1930, women were excluded from gaining degrees from two of the more prestigious universities, Oxford and Cambridge, and even needed special permission Just to attend lectures. This Is clearly a huge factor when addressing the question of why there Is a disparity between the Judiciary and the current make up of British society. A study in 2004 by the Sutton Trust[2] found that 81% of judges had attended either Oxford or Cambridge. When we take this into account, we see that it is a very esoteric selection that makes up the Judges of the English court system.Another factor to look at is the time it takes to ascend the ranks of the Judiciary. One possible argument Is that the current make up of Judges reflects upon those who were entering the legal field many years ago, when women and ethnic minorities may have men either disco uraged, or simply barred from entering higher education. Take for example the current Lord Chief Justice Baron Thomas of Complied. Baron Thomas was called to the bar in 1969, and after working his way up through the positions of the courts systems, was appointed Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales on 1 October 2013.What we can take from this information is that It does Indeed take an extraordinarily long time to ascend ranks In the English legal system. If we look back compared to today, we see that the number of female barristers has more than doubled. A study in 2010 by the Bar Council[3] showed 53% of all barristers in England are now female. If this trend continues; surely we will see a marked improvement in the makeup of the English Judiciary in years to come. When addressing possible discrimination, it is important to base arguments on facts and statistics, rather than conjecture, in order to draw a valid conclusion.A study by the Law Society shows that in the year 2005, à ¢â‚¬Å"Of the 9,665 students enrolled with the Society, 63. 5% were women and 25. 2% were from a minority ethnic group, compared with only 54% and 17. 2% respectively in 1994-95†³[4] What this tells us is that women ND ethnic minorities entering the legal field is on the rise, which is in stark contrast to the notion mentioned earlier that there is a clear absence. As we discussed earlier, the amount of time it takes to ascend through the court systems is lengthy and arduous.This coupled with the fact that white males were predominately applying for legal Jobs some forty or so years ago, perhaps shows that the higher courts are limited in the people they choose to appoint to the most senior roles. A study conducted in 2011 by the House of Lords Constitution Committee[5] showed that only 5. % of Judges were Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic, and 22. 3% were women. Again, does this show a lack of diversity in the courts, or simply positive changes brought forward by changing social standards?To really address this issue, one would have to re-evaluate the court structure in another fifteen to twenty years to assess whether or not women and ethnic minorities are in more prominent positions at that time. To encapsulate, I would simply say from the research I have conducted, that there is a very narrow spectrum for the Judiciary to promote from. Given that we already have nee female Judge in the Supreme Court, this to me shows that women are making it into the higher positions of the court system.Unfortunately, this doesn't seem to be happening quickly enough, with recommendations to increase diversity including statements such as: â€Å"While appointment based on merit is vital and should continue, the committee supports the application Offs 159 of the Equalities Act 2010 to Judicial appointments. This would allow the desire to encourage diversity to be a relevant factor†[6]. I would argue however, that diversity for the sake of diversity itself is not me eting that should be forced, especially when dealing with something as important as a countries legal infrastructure.Whilst I agree that there perhaps should be a more diverse range of people in the English Judiciary, I must stress that this is something I feel should be allowed to happen naturally, at its own course. When looking at statistics for female and ethnic minorities, we have seen a sharp rise in the range of individuals entering and being promoted through the legal hierarchy. This surely speaks for itself, and any promotions or appointments made based upon raying to create diversity could, in my opinion, be a recipe for disaster.

Aristotle’s Ten Categories

The ten Categories of Aristotle are derived from Aristotle’s Organon (Evans) and are classifications of individual words (as opposed to propositions) They consist of substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, situation, condition, action, and passion (Robin, 2004). Of the ten categories, Substance (ouisa) is consistently considered to be the most important as it is the fundamental element of all living things. Each individual thing has its own substance that is unique to that thing and does not belong to any other individual thing. Substance exists in two forms; Primary Substance and Secondary Substance. Primary Substances are absolute, concrete individual things that can exist in isolation to other things. Aristotle specified elements such as air, water and earth as primary categories because they are entirely independent of other beings. Secondary Substances are essentially properties of the primary substances and therefore cannot exist in their own right (Smith, Robin, 2004). Aristotle specified that whilst primary substances were restricted to genus, secondary substances were restricted to the individual species to which they belonged, â€Å"'man' is predicated of the individual man; but ‘animal' is predicated of ‘man'; it will, therefore, be predicable of the individual man also: for the individual man is both ‘man' and ‘animal'. † (Edghill, 2000). The remaining nine categories are utilized to help define and determine the details of the substance and what it is similar to and much of Aristotle's discussion of these categories concerned the way the categories are used in language. The second of Aristotle’s categories is Quantity, which as per the conventional meaning of this word, refers to the physical size of something. Quantity can be measured by numbers, weight, volume, area etc and thus the category is intended as a means by which substance can be measured and interpreted relative to one another. Quality is related to the inherent nature of something, that is its attributes or characteristics. Quality aspects generally cannot be described mathematically. Descriptive words such as â€Å"white†, â€Å"fat†, â€Å"larger† etc. ould generally characterize the quality aspect of the categories. Relation concerns the way in which one thing is related to another. This relationship could be a cause and effect relationship, a physical relationship or an equivalent relationship. The next category is Place. This refers to the physical location of an object or thing in its environment. Following this is Time. This category is concerned with a thing’s position with regards to the passage of time in the conventional sense or in relation to other events. The seventh category, Position, addresses the relative position parts of an object in relation to each other or the position of one object in relation to other objects. State is similar to quality but is concerned with the ongoing nature of an object as opposed to the inherent nature. So, for example, â€Å"easy going† would be classified as a quality whilst â€Å"depressed† would be classified as a state. The ninth category, Action, refers to the way in which a change to one object could impact another object or thing. Conversely, the tenth category, Passion or Affection, is concerned with the reception of a change and relates to the alteration that something else has on the object. Aristotle’s theory states that every single part of a sentence will fall into one of these categories. An example of a sentence that uses them all is as follows: â€Å" The naughty (quality), lone (quantity) boy (substance) crouched (position) beside his sister (relation) in their playroom (place) one afternoon (time), happy (affection) and content (state) as he stole her toys (action). †